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(hange the line style of an object from solid to dashed.)-3.198 F .698
(And we see that a)5.698 F .001(box can be made wider than its def)72
579.6 R .001(ault size to accommodate more te)-.1 F(xt \(we')-.15 E
(ll discuss this f)-.1 E(acility in detail in)-.1 E(the ne)72 591.6 Q
(xt section\).)-.15 E 3.083 -.8(We a)97 607.2 T 1.483(lso get to see).8
F F1(pic)3.983 E F0 2.583 -.55('s s)D 1.483(imple syntax.).55 F 1.483
(Statements are ended by ne)6.483 F 1.484(wlines or semicolons.)-.25 F
(String)6.484 E .496(quotes are required around all te)72 619.2 R .495
(xt ar)-.15 F .495(guments, whether or not the)-.18 F 2.995(yc)-.15 G
.495(ontain spaces.)-2.995 F .495(In general, the order of)5.495 F .028
(command ar)72 631.2 R .028(guments and modi\214ers lik)-.18 F 2.529
<6599>-.1 G .029(width 1.2\232 or \231dashed\232 doesn')-2.529 F 2.529
(tm)-.18 G(atter)-2.529 E 2.529(,e)-.4 G .029
(xcept that the order of te)-2.679 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)72 643.2 Q
(guments is signi\214cant.)-.18 E(Here are all b)97 658.8 Q
(ut one of the basic)-.2 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(objects at their def)2.5 E
(ault sizes:)-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-3-)282.17 48 Q 135 120 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0
36 RL CL .4 LW ST(box)100.5 104.2 Q 207 102 171 102 DL(line)181.5 98.2 Q
279 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 279 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6
RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 271.8 102 243 102 DL(arro)249.465 98.2 Q(w)
-.25 E 333 102 18 DC ST(circle)321.895 104.2 Q 54 36 414 102 DE ST
(ellipse)400.945 104.2 Q 477 84 18 90 0 DA(arc)488.895 122.2 Q
(Figure 3-2: Basic)230.225 143 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)2.5 E F0
(objects)2.5 E .346(The missing simple object type is a)97 170.6 R/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(spline)2.846 E F0 5.346(.T)C .346(here is also a w)
-5.346 F .346(ay to collect objects into)-.1 F F2(bloc)2.846 E 2.846(kc)
-.2 G(ompos-)-2.846 E(ites)72 182.6 Q F0 1.047(which allo)3.547 F 1.047
(ws you to treat the whole group as a single object \(resembling a box\
\) for man)-.25 F 3.548(yp)-.15 G(urposes.)-3.548 E -.8(We)72 194.6 S
-.1('l).8 G 2.5(ld).1 G(escribe both of these later on.)-2.5 E .956
(The box, ellipse, circle, and block composite objects are)97 210.2 R F2
(closed)3.456 E F0 3.456(;l).77 G .956(ines, arro)-3.456 F .956
(ws, arcs and splines are)-.25 F F2(open)72 222.2 Q F0 5(.T)C
(his distinction is often important in e)-5 E
(xplaining command modi\214ers.)-.15 E(Figure 3-2 w)97 237.8 Q
(as produced by the follo)-.1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(program, which introduces some more basic concepts:)2.5 E/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 255.8 Q(box "box";)108 267.8 Q(move;)108 279.8 Q
(line "line" "";)108 291.8 Q(move;)108 303.8 Q(arrow "arrow" "";)108
315.8 Q(move;)108 327.8 Q(circle "circle";)108 339.8 Q(move;)108 351.8 Q
(ellipse "ellipse";)108 363.8 Q(move;)108 375.8 Q
(arc; down; move; "arc")108 387.8 Q(.PE)108 399.8 Q F0 .477
(The \214rst thing to notice is the)97 421.4 R F2(mo)2.977 E(ve)-.1 E F0
.477(command, which mo)2.977 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.977(sad).15 G(ef)-2.977
E .478(ault distance \(1/2 inch\) in the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(rent mo)72
433.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ment direction.).15 E(Secondly)97 449 Q 3.335(,s)
-.65 G .835(ee ho)-3.335 F 3.335(ww)-.25 G 3.335(ec)-3.335 G .835
(an also decorate lines and arro)-3.335 F .835(ws with te)-.25 F 3.335
(xt. The)-.15 F .835(line and arro)3.335 F 3.335(wc)-.25 G(ommands)
-3.335 E .817(each tak)72 461 R 3.317(et)-.1 G 1.017 -.1(wo a)-3.317 H
-.18(rg).1 G .817(uments here, specifying te).18 F .817(xt to go abo)
-.15 F 1.117 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .817(nd belo).15 F 3.317(wt)-.25 G .817
(he object.)-3.317 F .818(If you w)5.817 F .818(onder wh)-.1 F 3.318(yo)
-.05 G(ne)-3.318 E(ar)72 473 Q(gument w)-.18 E
(ould not do, contemplate the output of)-.1 E F1(arr)2.5 E .2 -.1(ow ")
-.18 H -.1(ow).1 G(!").1 E F0(:)A 306 491 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0
Fg 306 491 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 298.8 491 270
491 DL -.25(ow)280.35 493.2 S(!).25 E(Figure 3-3: T)212.46 514 Q -.15
(ex)-.7 G 2.5(tc).15 G(entered on an arro)-2.5 E(w)-.25 E .514
(When a command tak)97 541.6 R .514(es one te)-.1 F .514(xt string,)-.15
F F1(pic)3.014 E F0 .514(tries to place it at the object')3.014 F 3.014
(sg)-.55 G .514(eometric center)-3.014 F 5.513(.A)-.55 G 3.013(sy)-5.513
G(ou)-3.013 E(add more strings,)72 553.6 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(treats them as a v)2.5 E(ertical block to be centered.)-.15 E
(The program)5 E F3(line "1";)108 571.6 Q(line "1" "2";)108 583.6 Q
(line "1" "2" "3";)108 595.6 Q(line "1" "2" "3" "4";)108 607.6 Q
(line "1" "2" "3" "4" "5";)108 619.6 Q F0(for e)72 641.2 Q(xample, gi)
-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou this:)-2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-4-)282.17 48 Q .4 LW 234 84 198 84 DL(1)213.5
86.2 Q 270 84 234 84 DL(1)249.5 80.2 Q(2)249.5 92.2 Q 306 84 270 84 DL
(1)285.5 74.2 Q(2)285.5 86.2 Q(3)285.5 98.2 Q 342 84 306 84 DL(1)321.5
68.2 Q(2)321.5 80.2 Q(3)321.5 92.2 Q(4)321.5 104.2 Q 378 84 342 84 DL(1)
357.5 62.2 Q(2)357.5 74.2 Q(3)357.5 86.2 Q(4)357.5 98.2 Q(5)357.5 110.2
Q(Figure 3-4: Ef)196.355 131 Q(fects of multiple te)-.25 E(xt ar)-.15 E
(guments)-.18 E .128(The last line of Figure 3.2')97 158.6 R 2.628(sp)
-.55 G .128(rogram, `)-2.628 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ar)A .128(c; do)
-.18 F .128(wn; mo)-.1 F -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.628(;").1 G(ar)-2.628 E(c")-.18
E F0 .128(', describing the captioned arc, intro-)B .558(duces se)72
170.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .558(ral ne).15 F 3.058(wi)-.25 G 3.058
(deas. Firstly)-3.058 F 3.057(,w)-.65 G 3.057(es)-3.057 G .557(ee ho)
-3.057 F 3.057(wt)-.25 G 3.057(oc)-3.057 G .557
(hange the direction in which objects are joined.)-3.057 F .557(Had we)
5.557 F(written)72 182.6 Q F1(ar)3.577 E 1.077(c; mo)-.18 F -.1(ve)-.1 G
3.577(;").1 G(ar)-3.577 E(c")-.18 E F0 3.577(,o)C(mitting)-3.577 E F1
(do)3.577 E(wn)-.1 E F0 1.077(the caption w)3.577 F 1.077(ould ha)-.1 F
1.377 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.077(een joined to the top of the arc, lik).15 F
(e)-.1 E(this:)72 194.6 Q 279 248.6 18 90 0 DA(arc)290.895 214.8 Q
(Figure 3-5: Result of)222.23 289.6 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(c; mo)-.18 E -.1(ve)
-.1 G(;).1 E F0 .129(This is because dra)97 317.2 R .129
(wing an arc changes the def)-.15 F .128
(ault direction to the one its e)-.1 F .128(xit end points at.)-.15 F
1.728 -.8(To r)5.128 H(ein-).8 E(force this point, consider:)72 329.2 Q
279 365.2 18 -0 -90 DA(arc)290.895 403.4 Q(Figure 3-6: Result of)215.15
424.2 Q F1(ar)2.5 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; mo)-2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(;).1 E F0
.827(All we')97 451.8 R 1.127 -.15(ve d)-.5 H .827(one dif).15 F .827(f\
erently here is specify \231cw\232 for a clockwise arc \(\231ccw\232 sp\
eci\214es counter)-.25 F(-clock-)-.2 E(wise direction\).)72 463.8 Q
(Observ)5 E 2.5(eh)-.15 G .5 -.25(ow i)-2.5 H 2.5(tc).25 G
(hanges the def)-2.5 E(ault direction to do)-.1 E(wn, rather than up.)
-.25 E(Another good w)97 479.4 Q(ay to see this via with the follo)-.1 E
(wing program:)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(line; arc; arc cw; line)108
497.4 Q F0(which yields:)72 519 Q 270 573 234 573 DL 270 555 18 90 0 DA
306 555 18 -90 180 DA 342 537 306 537 DL(Figure 3-7: Result of)199.86
596 Q F1(line; ar)2.5 E(c; ar)-.18 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; line)-2.5 E F0
(Notice that we did not ha)72 623.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(os).15 G(p\
ecify \231up\232 for the second arc to be joined to the end of the \214\
rst.)-2.5 E(Finally)97 639.2 Q 3.206(,o)-.65 G(bserv)-3.206 E 3.206(et)
-.15 G .705(hat a string, alone, is treated as te)-3.206 F .705
(xt to be surrounded by an in)-.15 F .705(visible box of a size)-.4 F
.22(either speci\214ed by width and height attrib)72 651.2 R .221
(utes or by the def)-.2 F(aults)-.1 E F1(textwid)2.721 E F0(and)2.721 E
F1(textht)2.721 E F0 5.221(.B)C .221(oth are initially zero)-5.221 F
(\(because we don')72 663.2 Q 2.5(tk)-.18 G(no)-2.5 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(he def)-2.5 E(ault font size\).)-.1 E F1 2.5(4. Sizes)72 687.2 R
(and Spacing)2.5 E F0 .252(Sizes are speci\214ed in inches.)97 702.8 R
.251(If you don')5.251 F 2.751(tl)-.18 G(ik)-2.751 E 2.751(ei)-.1 G .251
(nches, it')-2.751 F 2.751(sp)-.55 G .251
(ossible to set a global style v)-2.751 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(scale)2.751
E F0 .085(that changes the unit.)72 714.8 R(Setting)5.086 E F1 .086
(scale = 2.54)2.586 F F0(ef)2.586 E(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .086
(ly changes the internal unit to centimeters \(all other size).15 F -.25
(va)72 726.8 S(riable v).25 E(alues are scaled correspondingly\).)-.25 E
0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-5-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(4.1. Default)72 84 R(Sizes of Objects)2.5 E F0(Here are the def)97 99.6
Q(ault sizes for)-.1 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(objects:)2.5 E F1 12.5
(Object Default)218.37 119.6 R(Size)2.5 E .08 LW 357.63 126.1 218.37
126.1 DL 254.75 108.1 254.75 128.1 DL F0 26.38(box 0.75")218.37 137.6 R
(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 19.17(circle 0.5")218.37 149.6 R(diameter)2.5 E
15.27(ellipse 0.75")218.37 161.6 R(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 29.17
(arc 0.5")218.37 173.6 R(radius)2.5 E 26.38(line 0.5")218.37 185.6 R
(long)2.5 E(arro)218.37 197.6 Q 20.81(w0)-.25 G(.5" long)-20.81 E 357.63
207.1 218.37 207.1 DL 254.75 128.1 254.75 207.1 DL .076(The simplest w)
97 226.2 R .076(ay to think about these def)-.1 F .076
(aults is that the)-.1 F 2.575(ym)-.15 G(ak)-2.575 E 2.575(et)-.1 G .075
(he other basic objects \214t snugly into)-2.575 F 2.5(ad)72 238.2 S(ef)
-2.5 E(ault-sized box.)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pic2plot)97 253.8 Q
F0 .716(\(1\) does not necessarily emit a ph).68 F .717
(ysical inch for each virtual inch in its dra)-.05 F .717
(wing coordinate)-.15 F 3.351(system. Instead,)72 265.8 R .851(it dra)
3.351 F .851(ws on a can)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G 3.351(s8v).25 G .851
(irtual inches by 8 virtual inches wide.)-3.351 F .851
(If its output page size is)5.851 F .151
(\231letter\232, these virtual inches will map to real ones.)72 277.8 R
.151(Specifying a dif)5.151 F .151(ferent page size \(such as, say)-.25
F 2.652<2c99>-.65 G .152(a4\232\) will)-2.652 F .194
(scale virtual inches so the)72 289.8 R 2.694(ya)-.15 G .193
(re output as one eighth of the page width.)-2.694 F(Also,)5.193 E F2
(pic2plot)2.693 E F0 .193(\(1\) centers all images).68 F(by def)72 301.8
Q(ault, though the)-.1 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(option can be used to pre)2.5
E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this.).15 E F1 2.5(4.2. Objects)72 325.8 R
(Do Not Str)2.5 E(etch!)-.18 E F0 -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 341.4 T 2.711(ti).7
G 2.711(sr)-2.711 G .211(endered in the current font with normal trof)
-2.711 F 2.711(fl)-.25 G .211(ine spacing.)-2.711 F(Box)5.211 E .211
(es, circles, and ellipses do)-.15 F F2(not)2.712 E F0 .685
(automatically resize to \214t enclosed te)72 353.4 R 3.184(xt. Thus,)
-.15 F .684(if you say)3.184 F F1 .684(box "this text far too long f)
3.184 F .684(or a default box")-.25 F F0(you')72 365.4 Q(ll get this:)
-.1 E 315 419.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST(this te)208.6
403.6 Q(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E
(Figure 4-1: Box)196.695 442.4 Q(es do not automatically resize)-.15 E
(which is probably not the ef)72 470 Q(fect you w)-.25 E(ant.)-.1 E F1
2.5(4.3. Resizing)72 494 R(Boxes)2.5 E F0 1.6 -.8(To c)97 509.6 T(hange\
 the box size, you can specify a box width with the \231width\232 modi\
\214er:).8 E 396 563.6 MT 0 -36 RL -216 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(this te)208.6
547.8 Q(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E
(Figure 4-2: Result of)219.94 586.6 Q F1(box width 3)2.5 E F0 1.175
(This modi\214er tak)97 614.2 R 1.175(es a dimension in inches.)-.1 F
1.176(There is also a \231height\232 modi\214er that changes a box')
6.176 F(s)-.55 E 2.5(height. The)72 626.2 R F1(width)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5
G(yw)-.05 E(ord may be abbre)-.1 E(viated to)-.25 E F1(wid)2.5 E F0 2.5
(;t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(height)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord to)-.1 E
F1(ht)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 2.5(4.4. Resizing)72 650.2 R(Other Object T)2.5 E
(ypes)-.34 E F0 2.477 -.8(To c)97 665.8 T .877
(hange the size of a circle, gi).8 F 1.177 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.377(ta).15
G F1(rad[ius])A F0(or)3.377 E F1(diam[eter])3.377 E F0 .876
(modi\214er; this changes the radius or)3.376 F
(diameter of the circle, according to the numeric ar)72 677.8 Q
(gument that follo)-.18 E(ws.)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-6-)282.17 48 Q 223.2 105.6 7.2 DC .4 LW ST(0.1)
216.95 129.4 Q 266.4 105.6 14.4 DC ST(0.2)260.15 107.8 Q 338.4 105.6
21.6 DC ST(0.3)332.15 107.8 Q(Figure 4-3: Circles with increasing radii)
207.87 150.2 Q(The)97 177.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mo)3.27 E -.1(ve)-.1
G F0 .77(command can also tak)3.37 F 3.27(ead)-.1 G .771
(imension, which just tells it ho)-3.27 F 3.271(wm)-.25 G(an)-3.271 E
3.271(yi)-.15 G .771(nches to mo)-3.271 F 1.071 -.15(ve i)-.15 H 3.271
(nt).15 G(he)-3.271 E(current direction.)72 189.8 Q .849(Ellipses are s\
ized to \214t in the rectangular box de\214ned by their ax)97 205.4 R
.848(es, and can be resized with)-.15 F F1(width)3.348 E F0(and)72 217.4
Q F1(height)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E 2.5(eb)-.1 G(ox)-2.5 E(es.)-.15 E -1.1
(Yo)97 233 S 2.722(uc)1.1 G .222(an also change the radius of curv)
-2.722 F .222(ature of an arc with)-.25 F F1(rad[ius])2.722 E F0 .223
(\(which speci\214es the radius of the)2.722 F
(circle of which the arc is a se)72 245 Q 2.5(gment\). Lar)-.15 F(ger v)
-.18 E(alues yield \215atter arcs.)-.25 E 241.2 277.4 7.2 90 0 DA(0.1)
234.95 301.2 Q 277.2 270.2 14.4 90 0 DA(0.2)270.95 301.2 Q 313.2 263
21.6 90 0 DA(0.3)306.95 301.2 Q(Figure 4-4:)206.435 322 Q F1(ar)2.5 E
2.5(cr)-.18 G(ad)-2.5 E F0(with increasing radii)2.5 E(Observ)97 349.6 Q
2.667(et)-.15 G .166(hat because an arc is de\214ned as a quarter circl\
e, increasing the radius also increases the size)-2.667 F(of the arc')72
361.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ounding box.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(4.5. The)72 385.6 R
(`same' K)2.5 E(eyw)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .231
(In place of a dimension speci\214cation, you can use the k)97 401.2 R
-.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1 E F1(same)2.731 E F0 5.231(.T)C .231
(his gi)-5.231 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(st).15 G .232(he object the same)
-2.731 F(size as the pre)72 413.2 Q(vious one of its type.)-.25 E
(As an e)5 E(xample, the program)-.15 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 431.2
Q(box; box wid 1 ht 1; box same; box)108 443.2 Q(.PE)108 455.2 Q F0(gi)
72 476.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou)-2.5 E 216 548.8 MT 0 -36 RL
-54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 288 566.8 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 360
566.8 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 414 548.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL ST(Figure 4-5: The)225.965 589.8 Q F1(same)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord)-.1 E F1 2.5(5. Generalized)72 625.8 R
(Lines and Splines)2.5 E 2.5(5.1. Diagonal)72 649.8 R(Lines)2.5 E F0
.466(It is possible to specify diagonal lines or arro)97 665.4 R .466
(ws by adding multiple)-.25 F F1(up)2.966 E F0(,)A F1(do)2.966 E(wn)-.1
E F0(,)A F1(left)2.966 E F0 2.966(,a)C(nd)-2.966 E F1(right)2.965 E F0
(modi-)2.965 E .373(\214ers to the line object.)72 677.4 R(An)5.373 E
2.873(yo)-.15 G 2.874(ft)-2.873 G .374(hese can ha)-2.874 F .674 -.15
(ve a m)-.2 H(ultiplier).15 E 5.374(.T)-.55 G 2.874(ou)-6.174 G .374
(nderstand the ef)-2.874 F .374(fects, think of the dra)-.25 F(wing)-.15
E(area as being gridded with standard-sized box)72 689.4 Q(es.)-.15 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-7-)282.17 48 Q 86.4 84 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52
2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 86.4 84 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST
.4 LW 91.512 89.112 122.4 120 DL 86.4 120 86.4 120 DL 90 120 90 120 DL
93.6 120 93.6 120 DL 97.2 120 97.2 120 DL 100.8 120 100.8 120 DL 104.4
120 104.4 120 DL 108 120 108 120 DL 111.6 120 111.6 120 DL 115.2 120
115.2 120 DL 118.8 120 118.8 120 DL 122.4 120 122.4 120 DL 122.4 120
122.4 120 DL 122.4 116.4 122.4 116.4 DL 122.4 112.8 122.4 112.8 DL 122.4
109.2 122.4 109.2 DL 122.4 105.6 122.4 105.6 DL 122.4 102 122.4 102 DL
122.4 98.4 122.4 98.4 DL 122.4 94.8 122.4 94.8 DL 122.4 91.2 122.4 91.2
DL 122.4 87.6 122.4 87.6 DL 122.4 84 122.4 84 DL 122.4 84 122.4 84 DL
118.8 84 118.8 84 DL 115.2 84 115.2 84 DL 111.6 84 111.6 84 DL 108 84
108 84 DL 104.4 84 104.4 84 DL 100.8 84 100.8 84 DL 97.2 84 97.2 84 DL
93.6 84 93.6 84 DL 90 84 90 84 DL 86.4 84 86.4 84 DL 86.4 84 86.4 84 DL
86.4 87.6 86.4 87.6 DL 86.4 91.2 86.4 91.2 DL 86.4 94.8 86.4 94.8 DL
86.4 98.4 86.4 98.4 DL 86.4 102 86.4 102 DL 86.4 105.6 86.4 105.6 DL
86.4 109.2 86.4 109.2 DL 86.4 112.8 86.4 112.8 DL 86.4 116.4 86.4 116.4
DL 86.4 120 86.4 120 DL/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(line up left)81.62 140.2 Q
136.8 84 MT 7.272 1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL 0 Fg 136.8 84 MT 7.272
1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 143.208 87.24 208.8 120
DL 136.8 120 136.8 120 DL 140.4 120 140.4 120 DL 144 120 144 120 DL
147.6 120 147.6 120 DL 151.2 120 151.2 120 DL 154.8 120 154.8 120 DL
158.4 120 158.4 120 DL 162 120 162 120 DL 165.6 120 165.6 120 DL 169.2
120 169.2 120 DL 172.8 120 172.8 120 DL 172.8 120 172.8 120 DL 172.8
116.4 172.8 116.4 DL 172.8 112.8 172.8 112.8 DL 172.8 109.2 172.8 109.2
DL 172.8 105.6 172.8 105.6 DL 172.8 102 172.8 102 DL 172.8 98.4 172.8
98.4 DL 172.8 94.8 172.8 94.8 DL 172.8 91.2 172.8 91.2 DL 172.8 87.6
172.8 87.6 DL 172.8 84 172.8 84 DL 172.8 84 172.8 84 DL 169.2 84 169.2
84 DL 165.6 84 165.6 84 DL 162 84 162 84 DL 158.4 84 158.4 84 DL 154.8
84 154.8 84 DL 151.2 84 151.2 84 DL 147.6 84 147.6 84 DL 144 84 144 84
DL 140.4 84 140.4 84 DL 136.8 84 136.8 84 DL 136.8 84 136.8 84 DL 136.8
87.6 136.8 87.6 DL 136.8 91.2 136.8 91.2 DL 136.8 94.8 136.8 94.8 DL
136.8 98.4 136.8 98.4 DL 136.8 102 136.8 102 DL 136.8 105.6 136.8 105.6
DL 136.8 109.2 136.8 109.2 DL 136.8 112.8 136.8 112.8 DL 136.8 116.4
136.8 116.4 DL 136.8 120 136.8 120 DL 172.8 120 172.8 120 DL 176.4 120
176.4 120 DL 180 120 180 120 DL 183.6 120 183.6 120 DL 187.2 120 187.2
120 DL 190.8 120 190.8 120 DL 194.4 120 194.4 120 DL 198 120 198 120 DL
201.6 120 201.6 120 DL 205.2 120 205.2 120 DL 208.8 120 208.8 120 DL
208.8 120 208.8 120 DL 208.8 116.4 208.8 116.4 DL 208.8 112.8 208.8
112.8 DL 208.8 109.2 208.8 109.2 DL 208.8 105.6 208.8 105.6 DL 208.8 102
208.8 102 DL 208.8 98.4 208.8 98.4 DL 208.8 94.8 208.8 94.8 DL 208.8
91.2 208.8 91.2 DL 208.8 87.6 208.8 87.6 DL 208.8 84 208.8 84 DL 208.8
84 208.8 84 DL 205.2 84 205.2 84 DL 201.6 84 201.6 84 DL 198 84 198 84
DL 194.4 84 194.4 84 DL 190.8 84 190.8 84 DL 187.2 84 187.2 84 DL 183.6
84 183.6 84 DL 180 84 180 84 DL 176.4 84 176.4 84 DL 172.8 84 172.8 84
DL 172.8 84 172.8 84 DL 172.8 87.6 172.8 87.6 DL 172.8 91.2 172.8 91.2
DL 172.8 94.8 172.8 94.8 DL 172.8 98.4 172.8 98.4 DL 172.8 102 172.8 102
DL 172.8 105.6 172.8 105.6 DL 172.8 109.2 172.8 109.2 DL 172.8 112.8
172.8 112.8 DL 172.8 116.4 172.8 116.4 DL 172.8 120 172.8 120 DL(arr)
141.14 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1)-2.5 E 223.2 84 MT
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223.2 120 DL 226.8 120 226.8 120 DL 230.4 120 230.4 120 DL 234 120 234
120 DL 237.6 120 237.6 120 DL 241.2 120 241.2 120 DL 244.8 120 244.8 120
DL 248.4 120 248.4 120 DL 252 120 252 120 DL 255.6 120 255.6 120 DL
259.2 120 259.2 120 DL 259.2 120 259.2 120 DL 259.2 116.4 259.2 116.4 DL
259.2 112.8 259.2 112.8 DL 259.2 109.2 259.2 109.2 DL 259.2 105.6 259.2
105.6 DL 259.2 102 259.2 102 DL 259.2 98.4 259.2 98.4 DL 259.2 94.8
259.2 94.8 DL 259.2 91.2 259.2 91.2 DL 259.2 87.6 259.2 87.6 DL 259.2 84
259.2 84 DL 259.2 84 259.2 84 DL 255.6 84 255.6 84 DL 252 84 252 84 DL
248.4 84 248.4 84 DL 244.8 84 244.8 84 DL 241.2 84 241.2 84 DL 237.6 84
237.6 84 DL 234 84 234 84 DL 230.4 84 230.4 84 DL 226.8 84 226.8 84 DL
223.2 84 223.2 84 DL 223.2 84 223.2 84 DL 223.2 87.6 223.2 87.6 DL 223.2
91.2 223.2 91.2 DL 223.2 94.8 223.2 94.8 DL 223.2 98.4 223.2 98.4 DL
223.2 102 223.2 102 DL 223.2 105.6 223.2 105.6 DL 223.2 109.2 223.2
109.2 DL 223.2 112.8 223.2 112.8 DL 223.2 116.4 223.2 116.4 DL 223.2 120
223.2 120 DL 259.2 120 259.2 120 DL 262.8 120 262.8 120 DL 266.4 120
266.4 120 DL 270 120 270 120 DL 273.6 120 273.6 120 DL 277.2 120 277.2
120 DL 280.8 120 280.8 120 DL 284.4 120 284.4 120 DL 288 120 288 120 DL
291.6 120 291.6 120 DL 295.2 120 295.2 120 DL 295.2 120 295.2 120 DL
295.2 116.4 295.2 116.4 DL 295.2 112.8 295.2 112.8 DL 295.2 109.2 295.2
109.2 DL 295.2 105.6 295.2 105.6 DL 295.2 102 295.2 102 DL 295.2 98.4
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87.6 295.2 87.6 DL 295.2 84 295.2 84 DL 295.2 84 295.2 84 DL 291.6 84
291.6 84 DL 288 84 288 84 DL 284.4 84 284.4 84 DL 280.8 84 280.8 84 DL
277.2 84 277.2 84 DL 273.6 84 273.6 84 DL 270 84 270 84 DL 266.4 84
266.4 84 DL 262.8 84 262.8 84 DL 259.2 84 259.2 84 DL 259.2 84 259.2 84
DL 259.2 87.6 259.2 87.6 DL 259.2 91.2 259.2 91.2 DL 259.2 94.8 259.2
94.8 DL 259.2 98.4 259.2 98.4 DL 259.2 102 259.2 102 DL 259.2 105.6
259.2 105.6 DL 259.2 109.2 259.2 109.2 DL 259.2 112.8 259.2 112.8 DL
259.2 116.4 259.2 116.4 DL 259.2 120 259.2 120 DL 295.2 120 295.2 120 DL
298.8 120 298.8 120 DL 302.4 120 302.4 120 DL 306 120 306 120 DL 309.6
120 309.6 120 DL 313.2 120 313.2 120 DL 316.8 120 316.8 120 DL 320.4 120
320.4 120 DL 324 120 324 120 DL 327.6 120 327.6 120 DL 331.2 120 331.2
120 DL 331.2 120 331.2 120 DL 331.2 116.4 331.2 116.4 DL 331.2 112.8
331.2 112.8 DL 331.2 109.2 331.2 109.2 DL 331.2 105.6 331.2 105.6 DL
331.2 102 331.2 102 DL 331.2 98.4 331.2 98.4 DL 331.2 94.8 331.2 94.8 DL
331.2 91.2 331.2 91.2 DL 331.2 87.6 331.2 87.6 DL 331.2 84 331.2 84 DL
331.2 84 331.2 84 DL 327.6 84 327.6 84 DL 324 84 324 84 DL 320.4 84
320.4 84 DL 316.8 84 316.8 84 DL 313.2 84 313.2 84 DL 309.6 84 309.6 84
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295.2 91.2 DL 295.2 94.8 295.2 94.8 DL 295.2 98.4 295.2 98.4 DL 295.2
102 295.2 102 DL 295.2 105.6 295.2 105.6 DL 295.2 109.2 295.2 109.2 DL
295.2 112.8 295.2 112.8 DL 295.2 116.4 295.2 116.4 DL 295.2 120 295.2
120 DL(arr)241.79 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1.5)-2.5 E
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120 DL 370.8 120 370.8 120 DL 374.4 120 374.4 120 DL 378 120 378 120 DL
381.6 120 381.6 120 DL 381.6 120 381.6 120 DL 381.6 116.4 381.6 116.4 DL
381.6 112.8 381.6 112.8 DL 381.6 109.2 381.6 109.2 DL 381.6 105.6 381.6
105.6 DL 381.6 102 381.6 102 DL 381.6 98.4 381.6 98.4 DL 381.6 94.8
381.6 94.8 DL 381.6 91.2 381.6 91.2 DL 381.6 87.6 381.6 87.6 DL 381.6 84
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370.8 84 370.8 84 DL 367.2 84 367.2 84 DL 363.6 84 363.6 84 DL 360 84
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345.6 84 345.6 84 DL 345.6 84 345.6 84 DL 345.6 87.6 345.6 87.6 DL 345.6
91.2 345.6 91.2 DL 345.6 94.8 345.6 94.8 DL 345.6 98.4 345.6 98.4 DL
345.6 102 345.6 102 DL 345.6 105.6 345.6 105.6 DL 345.6 109.2 345.6
109.2 DL 345.6 112.8 345.6 112.8 DL 345.6 116.4 345.6 116.4 DL 345.6 120
345.6 120 DL 381.6 120 381.6 120 DL 385.2 120 385.2 120 DL 388.8 120
388.8 120 DL 392.4 120 392.4 120 DL 396 120 396 120 DL 399.6 120 399.6
120 DL 403.2 120 403.2 120 DL 406.8 120 406.8 120 DL 410.4 120 410.4 120
DL 414 120 414 120 DL 417.6 120 417.6 120 DL 417.6 120 417.6 120 DL
417.6 116.4 417.6 116.4 DL 417.6 112.8 417.6 112.8 DL 417.6 109.2 417.6
109.2 DL 417.6 105.6 417.6 105.6 DL 417.6 102 417.6 102 DL 417.6 98.4
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87.6 417.6 87.6 DL 417.6 84 417.6 84 DL 417.6 84 417.6 84 DL 414 84 414
84 DL 410.4 84 410.4 84 DL 406.8 84 406.8 84 DL 403.2 84 403.2 84 DL
399.6 84 399.6 84 DL 396 84 396 84 DL 392.4 84 392.4 84 DL 388.8 84
388.8 84 DL 385.2 84 385.2 84 DL 381.6 84 381.6 84 DL 381.6 84 381.6 84
DL 381.6 87.6 381.6 87.6 DL 381.6 91.2 381.6 91.2 DL 381.6 94.8 381.6
94.8 DL 381.6 98.4 381.6 98.4 DL 381.6 102 381.6 102 DL 381.6 105.6
381.6 105.6 DL 381.6 109.2 381.6 109.2 DL 381.6 112.8 381.6 112.8 DL
381.6 116.4 381.6 116.4 DL 381.6 120 381.6 120 DL 417.6 120 417.6 120 DL
421.2 120 421.2 120 DL 424.8 120 424.8 120 DL 428.4 120 428.4 120 DL 432
120 432 120 DL 435.6 120 435.6 120 DL 439.2 120 439.2 120 DL 442.8 120
442.8 120 DL 446.4 120 446.4 120 DL 450 120 450 120 DL 453.6 120 453.6
120 DL 453.6 120 453.6 120 DL 453.6 116.4 453.6 116.4 DL 453.6 112.8
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453.6 102 453.6 102 DL 453.6 98.4 453.6 98.4 DL 453.6 94.8 453.6 94.8 DL
453.6 91.2 453.6 91.2 DL 453.6 87.6 453.6 87.6 DL 453.6 84 453.6 84 DL
453.6 84 453.6 84 DL 450 84 450 84 DL 446.4 84 446.4 84 DL 442.8 84
442.8 84 DL 439.2 84 439.2 84 DL 435.6 84 435.6 84 DL 432 84 432 84 DL
428.4 84 428.4 84 DL 424.8 84 424.8 84 DL 421.2 84 421.2 84 DL 417.6 84
417.6 84 DL 417.6 84 417.6 84 DL 417.6 87.6 417.6 87.6 DL 417.6 91.2
417.6 91.2 DL 417.6 94.8 417.6 94.8 DL 417.6 98.4 417.6 98.4 DL 417.6
102 417.6 102 DL 417.6 105.6 417.6 105.6 DL 417.6 109.2 417.6 109.2 DL
417.6 112.8 417.6 112.8 DL 417.6 116.4 417.6 116.4 DL 417.6 120 417.6
120 DL 453.6 120 453.6 120 DL 457.2 120 457.2 120 DL 460.8 120 460.8 120
DL 464.4 120 464.4 120 DL 468 120 468 120 DL 471.6 120 471.6 120 DL
475.2 120 475.2 120 DL 478.8 120 478.8 120 DL 482.4 120 482.4 120 DL 486
120 486 120 DL 489.6 120 489.6 120 DL 489.6 120 489.6 120 DL 489.6 116.4
489.6 116.4 DL 489.6 112.8 489.6 112.8 DL 489.6 109.2 489.6 109.2 DL
489.6 105.6 489.6 105.6 DL 489.6 102 489.6 102 DL 489.6 98.4 489.6 98.4
DL 489.6 94.8 489.6 94.8 DL 489.6 91.2 489.6 91.2 DL 489.6 87.6 489.6
87.6 DL 489.6 84 489.6 84 DL 489.6 84 489.6 84 DL 486 84 486 84 DL 482.4
84 482.4 84 DL 478.8 84 478.8 84 DL 475.2 84 475.2 84 DL 471.6 84 471.6
84 DL 468 84 468 84 DL 464.4 84 464.4 84 DL 460.8 84 460.8 84 DL 457.2
84 457.2 84 DL 453.6 84 453.6 84 DL 453.6 84 453.6 84 DL 453.6 87.6
453.6 87.6 DL 453.6 91.2 453.6 91.2 DL 453.6 94.8 453.6 94.8 DL 453.6
98.4 453.6 98.4 DL 453.6 102 453.6 102 DL 453.6 105.6 453.6 105.6 DL
453.6 109.2 453.6 109.2 DL 453.6 112.8 453.6 112.8 DL 453.6 116.4 453.6
116.4 DL 453.6 120 453.6 120 DL(arr)385.94 140.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H
2.5(pl).1 G(eft 2)-2.5 E F0(Figure 5-1: Diagonal arro)138.76 161 Q
(ws \(dotted box)-.25 E(es sho)-.15 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(he implied 0.5-inch grid\))-2.5 E F1 2.5(5.2. Multi-Segment)72 197 R
(Line Objects)2.5 E F0 3.144<4199>97 212.6 S .644(line\232 or \231arro)
-3.144 F .644(w\232 object may actually be a path consisting of an)-.25
F 3.143(yn)-.15 G .643(umber of se)-3.143 F .643(gments of v)-.15 F
(arying)-.25 E(lengths and directions.)72 224.6 Q 1.6 -.8(To d)5 H
(escribe a path, connect se).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral line or arro).15 E
2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommands with the k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1
E F1(then)2.5 E F0(.)A 324 242.6 252 242.6 DL 252 278.6 324 242.6 DL 324
278.6 252 278.6 DL(Figure 5-2:)174.3 301.6 Q F1(line right 1 then do)2.5
E(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E F0 1.448(If a path starts with)97
329.2 R F1(then)3.948 E F0 3.948(,t)C 1.448(he \214rst se)-3.948 F 1.449
(gment is assumed to be into the current direction, using the)-.15 F
(def)72 341.2 Q(ault length.)-.1 E F1 2.5(5.3. Spline)72 365.2 R
(Objects)2.5 E F0 .311(If you start a path with the)97 380.8 R F1
(spline)2.811 E F0 -.1(ke)2.811 G(yw)-.05 E .311(ord, the path v)-.1 F
.31(ertices are treated as control points for a spline)-.15 F(curv)72
392.8 Q 2.5<658c>-.15 G(t.)-2.5 E 190.8 410.8 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 24 6 0 18
RC -24 12 -24 18 0 18 RC 36 0 RL ST(The spline curv)189.8 463.4 Q(e...)
-.15 E 309.6 410.8 306 410.8 DL 317.232 410.8 313.632 410.8 DL 324.792
410.8 321.192 410.8 DL 332.424 410.8 328.824 410.8 DL 339.984 410.8
336.384 410.8 DL 347.616 410.8 344.016 410.8 DL 355.176 410.8 351.576
410.8 DL 362.808 410.8 359.208 410.8 DL 370.368 410.8 366.768 410.8 DL
378 410.8 374.4 410.8 DL 374.76 412.384 378 410.8 DL 368.496 415.48
371.736 413.896 DL 362.232 418.648 365.472 417.064 DL 355.968 421.744
359.208 420.16 DL 349.776 424.912 353.016 423.328 DL 343.512 428.008
346.752 426.424 DL 337.248 431.176 340.488 429.592 DL 330.984 434.272
334.224 432.688 DL 324.72 437.368 327.96 435.784 DL 318.456 440.536
321.696 438.952 DL 312.264 443.632 315.504 442.048 DL 306 446.8 309.24
445.216 DL 309.6 446.8 306 446.8 DL 317.232 446.8 313.632 446.8 DL
324.792 446.8 321.192 446.8 DL 332.424 446.8 328.824 446.8 DL 339.984
446.8 336.384 446.8 DL 347.616 446.8 344.016 446.8 DL 355.176 446.8
351.576 446.8 DL 362.808 446.8 359.208 446.8 DL 370.368 446.8 366.768
446.8 DL 378 446.8 374.4 446.8 DL 306 410.8 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 24 6 0 18 RC
-24 12 -24 18 0 18 RC 36 0 RL ST(1)296.3 413 Q(2)382.7 413 Q(3)296.3 449
Q(4)382.7 449 Q(...with tangents displayed)291.03 463.4 Q(Figure 5-3:)
169.575 484.2 Q F1(spline right 1 then do)2.5 E
(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97 511.8 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G
(an describe man)-2.5 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G(atural-looking b)-2.5 E(ut irre)
-.2 E(gular curv)-.15 E(es this w)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E 5(.F)-.65 G(or e)-5.15
E(xample:)-.15 E 156.384 561.336 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg
156.384 561.336 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST 156.384
561.336 MT 18 0 RL 12 0 18 -6 18 -18 RC 0 -12 -6 -18 -18 -18 RC -12 0
-18 5.88 -18 17.64 RC 0 17.64 RL .4 LW ST F1
(spline right then up then left then do)80.457 577.864 Q(wn ->;)-.1 E
(spline left then up right then do)295.347 577.864 Q(wn right ->;)-.1 E
419.616 561.336 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 419.616
561.336 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST 383.616
561.336 MT -18 0 RL -12 0 -12 -6 0 -18 RC 12 -12 23.916 -12.084 35.748
-.252 RC 17.748 17.748 RL .4 LW ST F0(Figure 5-4: T)210.895 598.664 Q .2
-.1(wo m)-.8 H(ore spline e).1 E(xamples)-.15 E .646(Note the arro)72
626.264 R 3.146(wd)-.25 G 3.146(ecorations. Arro)-3.146 F .646
(wheads can be applied naturally to an)-.25 F 3.146(yp)-.15 G .646
(ath-based object, line or spline.)-3.146 F -.8(We)72 638.264 S -.1('l)
.8 G 2.5(ls).1 G(ee ho)-2.5 E 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he ne)-2.5 E
(xt section.)-.15 E F1 2.5(6. Decorating)72 662.264 R(Objects)2.5 E 2.5
(6.1. T)72 686.264 R(ext Special Effects)-.92 E F0(All)97 701.864 Q F1
(pic)2.5 E F0(implementations support the follo)2.5 E
(wing font-styling escapes within te)-.25 E(xt objects:)-.15 E
(\\fR, \\f1)72 717.464 Q(Set Roman style \(the def)97 729.464 Q(ault\))
-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-8-)282.17 48 Q(\\fI, \\f2)72 84 Q
(Set Italic style)97 96 Q(\\fB, \\f3)72 111.6 Q(Set Bold style)97 123.6
Q(\\fP)72 139.2 Q(Re)97 151.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rt to pre).15 E
(vious style; only w)-.25 E(orks one le)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ld).15
G(eep, does not stack.)-2.5 E .708(In the)97 166.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(pic)3.208 E F0 .707
(implementations that are preprocessors for a toolchain that include)
3.207 F F1([gtn]r)3.207 E(off)-.18 E F0 3.207(,t)C -.15(ex)-3.207 G
3.207(to).15 G(bjects)-3.207 E .021(may also contain)72 178.8 R F1
([gtn]r)2.521 E(off)-.18 E F0 -.15(ve)2.521 G .021
(rtical- and horizontal-motion escapes such as \\h or \\v).15 F 5.022
(.T)-.65 G(rof)-5.372 E 2.522(fs)-.25 G .022(pecial glyphs are)-2.522 F
1.728(also a)72 190.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G 4.228(ilable. All).25 F 1.728
(\\-escapes will be passed through to the postprocessing stage and ha)
4.228 F 2.028 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.728(heir normal).15 F(ef)72 202.8 Q 2.5
(fects. The)-.25 F(base font f)2.5 E(amily is set by the)-.1 E F1
([gtn]r)2.5 E(off)-.18 E F0(en)2.5 E
(vironment at the time the picture is rendered.)-.4 E F1(pic2plot)97
218.4 Q F0(replaces)3.189 E F1([gtn]r)3.189 E(off)-.18 E F0 .689
(horizontal- and v)3.189 F .689
(ertical-motion escapes with \\-escapes of its o)-.15 F 3.19(wn. T)-.25
F(rof)-.35 E(f)-.25 E .502(special glyphs are not a)72 230.4 R -.25(va)
-.2 G .502(ilable, b).25 F .502(ut in most back ends Latin-1 special ch\
aracters and a square-root radical)-.2 F(will be.)72 242.4 Q(See the)5 E
F1(pic2plot)2.5 E F0(documentation for full details.)2.5 E F1 2.5
(6.2. Dashed)72 266.4 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 -.8(We)97 282 S -1.65 -.5('v e)
.8 H 1.399(already seen that the modi\214er)4.399 F F1(dashed)3.899 E F0
1.4(can change the line style of an object from solid to)3.899 F 3.332
(dashed. GNU)72 294 R F1(gpic)3.332 E F0 .831(permits you to dot or das\
h ellipses, circles, and arcs \(and splines in T)3.332 F(E)-1.667 2.24 M
3.331(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O .831(ode only\);)-3.331 F .312(some v)72 306 R
.312(ersions of D)-.15 F .312
(WB may only permit dashing of lines and box)-.3 F 2.812(es. It')-.15 F
2.812(sp)-.55 G .313(ossible to change the dash inter)-2.812 F(-)-.2 E
-.25(va)72 318 S 2.5(lb).25 G 2.5(ys)-2.5 G
(pecifying a number after the modi\214er)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E .4 LW 84.6
375.6 81 375.6 DL 91.8 375.6 88.2 375.6 DL 99 375.6 95.4 375.6 DL 106.2
375.6 102.6 375.6 DL 113.4 375.6 109.8 375.6 DL 120.6 375.6 117 375.6 DL
127.8 375.6 124.2 375.6 DL 135 375.6 131.4 375.6 DL 135 372 135 375.6 DL
135 365.52 135 369.12 DL 135 359.04 135 362.64 DL 135 352.56 135 356.16
DL 135 346.08 135 349.68 DL 135 339.6 135 343.2 DL 131.4 339.6 135 339.6
DL 124.2 339.6 127.8 339.6 DL 117 339.6 120.6 339.6 DL 109.8 339.6 113.4
339.6 DL 102.6 339.6 106.2 339.6 DL 95.4 339.6 99 339.6 DL 88.2 339.6
91.8 339.6 DL 81 339.6 84.6 339.6 DL 81 343.2 81 339.6 DL 81 349.68 81
346.08 DL 81 356.16 81 352.56 DL 81 362.64 81 359.04 DL 81 369.12 81
365.52 DL 81 375.6 81 372 DL(def)94.165 359.8 Q(ault)-.1 E 174.6 375.6
171 375.6 DL 181.8 375.6 178.2 375.6 DL 189 375.6 185.4 375.6 DL 196.2
375.6 192.6 375.6 DL 203.4 375.6 199.8 375.6 DL 210.6 375.6 207 375.6 DL
217.8 375.6 214.2 375.6 DL 225 375.6 221.4 375.6 DL 225 372 225 375.6 DL
225 365.52 225 369.12 DL 225 359.04 225 362.64 DL 225 352.56 225 356.16
DL 225 346.08 225 349.68 DL 225 339.6 225 343.2 DL 221.4 339.6 225 339.6
DL 214.2 339.6 217.8 339.6 DL 207 339.6 210.6 339.6 DL 199.8 339.6 203.4
339.6 DL 192.6 339.6 196.2 339.6 DL 185.4 339.6 189 339.6 DL 178.2 339.6
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(Prede\214ned color names for)97 430 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF([gtn]r)
2.532 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0(-based)1.96 E F1(pic)2.532 E F0 .032
(implementations are de\214ned in the de)2.532 F .033
(vice macro \214les,)-.25 F .206(for e)72 442 R(xample)-.15 E/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF(ps.tmac)2.706 E F0 2.706(;a)C .206
(dditional colors can be de\214ned with the)-2.706 F F1(.defcolor)2.706
E F0 .205(request \(see the manual page of)2.705 F(GNU)72 454 Q F2(tr)
2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0(\(1\) for more details\).)1.96 E(Currently)5
E 2.5(,c)-.65 G(olor support is not a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable at all in T).25 E(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.5(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O(ode.)-2.5
E(The)97 469.6 Q F2(pic2plot)3.279 E F0 .779(\(1\) carries with its o)
.68 F .78
(wn set of color names, essentially those recognized by the X win-)-.25
F(do)72 481.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(ystem with \231gre)-2.5 E
(y\232 accepted as a v)-.15 E(ariant of \231gray\232.)-.25 E F1(pic)97
497.2 Q F0(assumes that at the be)2.5 E
(ginning of a picture both glyph and \214ll color are set to the def)
-.15 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 2.5(7. Mor)72 521.2 R 2.5(eA)-.18 G
(bout T)-2.5 E(ext Placement)-.92 E F0 .758(By def)97 536.8 R .757
(ault, te)-.1 F .757(xt is centered at the geometric center of the obje\
ct it is associated with.)-.15 F .757(The modi\214er)5.757 F F1(ljust)72
548.8 Q F0 .302(causes the left end to be at the speci\214ed point \(wh\
ich means that the te)2.802 F .303(xt lies to the right of the speci-)
-.15 F .734(\214ed place!\), the modi\214er)72 560.8 R F1(rjust)3.234 E
F0 .733(puts the right end at the place.)3.234 F .733(The modi\214ers)
5.733 F F1(abo)3.233 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F0(and)3.333 E F1(belo)3.233 E(w)-.1
E F0 .733(center the)3.233 F(te)72 572.8 Q
(xt one half line space in the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nd).15 G
(irection.)-2.5 E -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 588.4 T 2.5(ta).7 G(ttrib)-2.5 E
(utes can be combined:)-.2 E 126 606.4 126 642.4 DL(ljust te)126 626.6 Q
(xt)-.15 E 234 606.4 234 642.4 DL(rjust te)198.87 626.6 Q(xt)-.15 E 342
624.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 342 624.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6
RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 334.8 624.4 270 624.4 DL(ljust abo)306 620.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 450 624.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 450 624.4 MT
-7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 442.8 624.4 378 624.4 DL
(rjust belo)369.53 632.6 Q(w)-.25 E(Figure 7-1: T)235.89 665.4 Q -.15
(ex)-.7 G 2.5(ta).15 G(ttrib)-2.5 E(utes)-.2 E .204
(What actually happens is that)97 693 R F2(n)2.704 E F0(te)2.704 E .204
(xt strings are centered in a box that is)-.15 F F1(textwid)2.704 E F0
.205(wide by)2.705 F F1(textht)2.705 E F0(high.)2.705 E 1.644
(Both these v)72 705 R 1.644(ariables are initially zero \(that is)-.25
F F1(pic)4.143 E F0 2.743 -.55('s w)D 1.643
(ay of not making assumptions about).45 F F2([tg]r)4.143 E(of)-.45 E(f)
-.18 E F0(\(1\)')1.96 E(s)-.55 E(def)72 717 Q(ault point size\).)-.1 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-11-)279.67 48 Q .168(In GNU)97 84 R/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(gpic)2.668 E F0 2.668(,o)C .169(bjects can ha)-2.668 F
.469 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E F1(aligned)2.669 E F0(attrib)2.669 E 2.669
(ute. This)-.2 F .169(only w)2.669 F .169(orks if the postprocessor is)
-.1 F F1(gr)2.669 E(ops)-.18 E F0(or)2.669 E F1(gr)72 96 Q(opdf)-.18 E
F0 5.81(.A)C 1.11 -.15(ny t)-5.81 H -.15(ex).15 G 3.31(ta).15 G .81
(ssociated with an object ha)-3.31 F .809(ving the)-.2 F F1(aligned)
3.309 E F0(attrib)3.309 E .809(ute is rotated about the center of the)
-.2 F .369(object so that it is aligned in the direction from the start\
 point to the end point of the object.)72 108 R .37(Note that this)5.37
F(attrib)72 120 Q(ute has no ef)-.2 E
(fect for objects whose start and end points are coincident.)-.25 E F1
2.5(8. Mor)72 144 R 2.5(eA)-.18 G(bout Dir)-2.5 E(ection Changes)-.18 E
F0 -.8(We)97 159.6 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H .871(already seen ho)3.871 F
3.371(wt)-.25 G 3.371(oc)-3.371 G .871
(hange the direction in which objects are composed from rightw)-3.371 F
.87(ards to)-.1 F(do)72 171.6 Q(wnw)-.25 E 2.5(ards. Here)-.1 F
(are some more illustrati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.25 H(amples:).15 E F1
(right; box; arr)204.365 191.8 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E
(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)-2.5 E 234 240 MT 0
-36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST 270 222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL
0 Fg 270 222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 262.8 222
234 222 DL 288 222 18 DC ST 342 222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 342
222 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 334.8 222 306 222 DL
54 36 369 222 DE ST(left; box; arr)207.98 263.8 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c)
.1 G(ir)-2.5 E(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)-2.5 E
396 312 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 306 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6
RL CL 0 Fg 306 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 313.2
294 342 294 DL 288 294 18 DC ST 234 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL 0 Fg
234 294 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 241.2 294 270 294
DL 54 36 207 294 DE ST F0(Figure 8-1: Ef)159.8 335 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E
(ferent motion directions \(right and left\))-.25 E F1(do)102.635 367.2
Q(wn; box; arr)-.1 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E(cle; arr)-.18 E
-.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse;)-2.5 E 216 415.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL ST 189 451.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 189 451.4 MT
-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 189 444.2 189 415.4 DL 189
469.4 18 DC ST 189 523.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 189 523.4 MT
-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 189 516.2 189 487.4 DL 54
36 189 541.4 DE ST 414 559.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 387
487.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 387 487.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL
CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 387 494.6 387 523.4 DL 387 469.4 18 DC ST 387
415.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 387 415.4 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL
CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 387 422.6 387 451.4 DL 54 36 387 397.4 DE ST
(up; box; arr)306.695 367.2 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E
(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse;)-2.5 E F0
(Figure 8-2: Ef)159.925 582.4 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E
(ferent motion directions \(up and do)-.25 E(wn\))-.25 E(Something that\
 may appear surprising happens if you change directions in the ob)97 610
Q(vious w)-.15 E(ay:)-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-12-)279.67 48 Q 265.5 120 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST 301.5 102 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 301.5 102
MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 294.3 102 265.5 102 DL
319.5 102 18 DC ST 337.5 138 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 337.5 138
MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 337.5 130.8 337.5 102 DL
54 36 337.5 156 DE ST(Figure 8-3:)179.69 197 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(box; arr)2.5 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E(cle; do)-.18 E
(wn; arr)-.1 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)-2.5 E F0 -1.1(Yo)72
224.6 S 2.5(um)1.1 G(ight ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H
(pected that program to yield this:).15 E 274.5 278.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0
RL 0 36 RL CL ST 310.5 260.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 310.5
260.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 303.3 260.6 274.5
260.6 DL 328.5 260.6 18 DC ST 328.5 314.6 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0
Fg 328.5 314.6 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 328.5
307.4 328.5 278.6 DL 54 36 328.5 332.6 DE ST(Figure 8-4: More intuiti)
233.62 373.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(?).15 E(But, in f)72 401.2 Q
(act, to get Figure 8.3 you ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(od).15 G 2.5
(ot)-2.5 G(his:)-2.5 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 419.2 Q(box;)108 431.2
Q(arrow;)108 443.2 Q(circle;)108 455.2 Q(move to last circle .s;)108
467.2 Q(down;)108 479.2 Q(arrow;)108 491.2 Q(ellipse)108 503.2 Q(.PE)108
515.2 Q F0(Wh)72 536.8 Q 2.891(yi)-.05 G 2.891(st)-2.891 G 2.891
(his? Because)-2.891 F .391(the e)2.891 F .391
(xit point for the current direction is already set when you dra)-.15 F
2.891(wt)-.15 G .391(he object.)-2.891 F(The)5.392 E .06(second arro)72
548.8 R 2.56(wi)-.25 G 2.56(nF)-2.56 G .06(igure 8.2 dropped do)-2.56 F
(wnw)-.25 E .059(ards from the circle')-.1 F 2.559(sa)-.55 G .059
(ttachment point for an object to be joined)-2.559 F(to the right.)72
560.8 Q .19(The meaning of the command)97 576.4 R F1(mo)2.69 E .39 -.1
(ve t)-.1 H 2.69(ol).1 G .19(ast cir)-2.69 F .19(cle .s)-.18 F F0 .19
(should be ob)2.69 F 2.69(vious. In)-.15 F .19(order to see ho)2.69 F
2.69(wi)-.25 G 2.69(tg)-2.69 G(ener)-2.69 E(-)-.2 E(alizes, we')72 588.4
Q(ll need to go into detail on tw)-.1 E 2.5(oi)-.1 G
(mportant topics; locations and object names.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(9. Naming)72
612.4 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 .436(The most natural w)97 628 R .436
(ay to name locations in)-.1 F F1(pic)2.936 E F0 .436(is relati)2.936 F
.736 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.936(oo).15 G 2.936(bjects. In)-2.936 F .436
(order to do this, you ha)2.936 F .736 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(o).15 E .186
(be able you ha)72 640 R .486 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.686(ob).15 G 2.686(ea)
-2.686 G .186(ble to name objects.)-2.686 F(The)5.186 E F1(pic)2.686 E
F0 .186(language has rich f)2.686 F .187
(acilities for this that try to emulate)-.1 F(the syntax of English.)72
652 Q F1 2.5(9.1. Naming)72 676 R(Objects By Order Of Drawing)2.5 E F0
.304(The simplest \(and generally the most useful\) w)97 691.6 R .304
(ay to name an object is with a)-.1 F F1(last)2.803 E F0 2.803
(clause. It)2.803 F .303(needs to)2.803 F .497(be follo)72 703.6 R .497
(wed by an object type name;)-.25 F F1(box)2.997 E F0(,)A F1(cir)2.997 E
(cle)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(ellipse)2.997 E F0(,)A F1(line)2.997 E F0(,)A F1
(arr)2.997 E -.1(ow)-.18 G F0(,).1 E F1(spline)2.997 E F0(,)A F1("")
2.998 E F0 2.998(,o)C(r)-2.998 E F1([])2.998 E F0 .498
(\(the last type refers)2.998 F 1.308(to a)72 715.6 R/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.308(composite object)3.808 F F0 1.308(which we')
3.808 F 1.308(ll discuss later\).)-.1 F 1.308(So, for e)6.308 F 1.308
(xample, the)-.15 F F1 1.307(last cir)3.807 F(cle)-.18 E F0 1.307
(clause in the program)3.807 F
(attached to Figure 9.1.3 refers to the last circle dra)72 727.6 Q(wn.)
-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-13-)279.67 48 Q .768(More generally)97 84 R
3.268(,o)-.65 G .768(bjects of a gi)-3.268 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.268(nt).15
G .768(ype are implicitly numbered \(starting from 1\).)-3.268 F -1.1
(Yo)5.768 G 3.268(uc)1.1 G .769(an refer to)-3.268 F .083
(\(say\) the third ellipse in the current picture with)72 96 R/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF .083(3rd ellipse)2.583 F F0 2.583(,o)C 2.583(rt)-2.583
G 2.583(ot)-2.583 G .082(he \214rst box as)-2.583 F F1 .082(1st box)
2.582 F F0 2.582(,o)C 2.582(rt)-2.582 G 2.582(ot)-2.582 G .082
(he \214fth te)-2.582 F(xt)-.15 E(string \(which isn')72 108 Q 2.5(ta)
-.18 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(ttrib)-2.5 E(ute to another object\) as)-.2 E F1
(5th "")2.5 E F0(.)A .186(Objects are also numbered backw)97 123.6 R
.186(ards by type from the last one.)-.1 F -1.1(Yo)5.186 G 2.686(uc)1.1
G .186(an say)-2.686 F F1 .187(2nd last box)2.687 F F0 .187(to get the)
2.687 F(second-to-last box, or)72 135.6 Q F1(3rd last ellipse)2.5 E F0
(to get the third-to-last ellipse.)2.5 E .451(In places where)97 151.2 R
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.951 E F1(th).24 E F0 .451(is allo)2.951 F
(wed,)-.25 E F1(`)2.951 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1('th).73 E F0 .451
(is also allo)2.951 F 2.951(wed. Note)-.25 F(that)2.95 E F1('th)2.95 E
F0 .45(is a single tok)2.95 F .45(en: no space is)-.1 F(allo)72 163.2 Q
(wed between the)-.25 E F1(')2.5 E F0(and the)2.5 E F1(th)2.5 E F0 5(.F)
C(or e)-5.15 E(xample,)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(for i = 1 to 4 do {)133
184.8 Q(line from `i'th box.nw to `i+1'th box.se)151 196.8 Q(})133 208.8
Q F1 2.5(9.2. Naming)72 238.8 R(Objects W)2.5 E(ith Labels)-.18 E F0
-1.1(Yo)97 254.4 S 3.338(uc)1.1 G .838
(an also specify an object by referring to a label.)-3.338 F 3.338(Al)
5.838 G .838(abel is a w)-3.338 F .838(ord \(which must be)-.1 F .838
(gin with a)-.15 F .26(capital letter\) follo)72 266.4 R .26(wed by a c\
olon; you declare it by placing it immediately before the object dra)
-.25 F .26(wing com-)-.15 F 2.5(mand. F)72 278.4 R(or e)-.15 E
(xample, the program)-.15 E F3(.PS)108 296.4 Q(A: box "first" "object")
108 308.4 Q(move;)108 320.4 Q(B: ellipse "second" "object")108 332.4 Q
(move;)108 344.4 Q(arrow right at A .r;)108 356.4 Q(.PE)108 368.4 Q F0
(declares labels)72 390 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(B)2.5 E F0
(for its \214rst and second objects.)2.5 E(Here')5 E 2.5(sw)-.55 G
(hat that looks lik)-2.5 E(e:)-.1 E 252 444 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL
CL .4 LW ST(\214rst)217.22 422.2 Q(object)212.78 434.2 Q 54 36 315 426
DE ST(second)301.115 422.2 Q(object)302.78 434.2 Q 288 426 MT -7.2 1.8
RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 288 426 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST
.4 LW 280.8 426 252 426 DL(Figure 9-1: Example of label use)222.315 467
Q(The)72 491 Q F1(at)3.531 E F0 1.031
(statement in the fourth line uses the label)3.531 F F1(A)3.531 E F0
1.031(\(the beha)3.531 F 1.031(vior of)-.2 F F1(at)3.531 E F0 1.031
(is e)3.531 F 1.031(xplained in the ne)-.15 F 1.031(xt section\).)-.15 F
-.8(We)72 503 S -.1('l).8 G 2.5(ls).1 G(ee later on that labels are mos\
t useful for referring to block composite objects.)-2.5 E 1.225
(Labels are not constants b)97 518.6 R 1.225(ut v)-.2 F 1.225
(ariables \(you can vie)-.25 F 3.725(wc)-.25 G 1.225
(olon as a sort of assignment\).)-3.725 F -1.1(Yo)6.224 G 3.724(uc)1.1 G
1.224(an say)-3.724 F .241(something lik)72 530.6 R(e)-.1 E F1 .241
(A: A + \(1,0\);)2.741 F F0 .242(and the ef)2.742 F .242
(fect is to reassign the label)-.25 F F1(A)2.742 E F0 .242
(to designate a position one inch to the)2.742 F(right of its old v)72
542.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E F1 2.5(10. Describing)72 566.6 R(locations)2.5 E F0
.377(The location of points can be described in man)97 582.2 R 2.877(yd)
-.15 G(if)-2.877 E .377(ferent w)-.25 F 2.876(ays. All)-.1 F .376
(these forms are interchangeable)2.876 F .58(as for as the)72 594.2 R F1
(pic)3.08 E F0 .58
(language syntax is concerned; where you can use one, an)3.08 F 3.081
(yo)-.15 G 3.081(ft)-3.081 G .581(he others that w)-3.081 F .581
(ould mak)-.1 F(e)-.1 E(semantic sense are allo)72 606.2 Q(wed.)-.25 E
(The special label)97 621.8 Q F1(Her)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)2.5 E -.1(wa)
-.1 G(ys refers to the current position.).1 E F1 2.5(10.1. Absolute)72
645.8 R(Coordinates)2.5 E F0 .07
(The simplest is absolute coordinates in inches;)97 661.4 R F1(pic)2.57
E F0 .069(uses a Cartesian system with \(0,0\) at the lo)2.569 F .069
(wer left)-.25 F 1.505(corner of the virtual dra)72 673.4 R 1.505
(wing surf)-.15 F 1.505(ace for each picture \(that is, X increases to \
the right and Y increases)-.1 F(upw)72 685.4 Q 3.233(ards\). An)-.1 F
.732(absolute location may al)3.233 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .732
(ys be written in the con).1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .732(ntional form as tw).15
F 3.232(oc)-.1 G(omma-separated)-3.232 E .538(numbers surrounded by par\
entheses \(and this is recommended for clarity\).)72 697.4 R .539
(In conte)5.539 F .539(xts where it creates no)-.15 F(ambiguity)72 709.4
Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he pair of X and Y coordinates suf)-2.5 E
(\214ces without parentheses.)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-14-)279.67 48 Q .035(It is a good idea to a)97
84 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .034(id absolute coordinates, ho).2 F(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.634 -.55(r. T).15 H(he).55 E 2.534(yt)-.15 G .034
(end to mak)-2.534 F 2.534(ep)-.1 G .034(icture descriptions dif)-2.534
F<8c2d>-.25 E .132(cult to understand and modify)72 96 R 5.133(.I)-.65 G
.133(nstead, there are quite a number of w)-5.133 F .133
(ays to specify locations relati)-.1 F .433 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(o).15 E/F1
10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)2.633 E F0(objects and pre)72 108 Q
(vious locations.)-.25 E 1.487(Another possibility of surprise is the f)
97 123.6 R 1.487(act that)-.1 F F1(pic)3.987 E F0 1.487
(crops the picture to the smallest bounding box)3.987 F .189
(before writing it out.)72 135.6 R -.15(Fo)5.189 G 2.689(re).15 G .189
(xample, if you ha)-2.839 F .489 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H .19
(icture consisting of a small box with its lo).15 F .19(wer left corner)
-.25 F .979(at \(2,2\) and another small box with its upper right corne\
r at \(5,5\), the width and height of the image are)72 147.6 R 1.036
(both 3 units and not 5.)72 159.6 R 2.636 -.8(To g)6.036 H 1.036
(et the origin at \(0,0\) included, simply add an in).8 F 1.036
(visible object to the picture,)-.4 F(positioning the object')72 171.6 Q
2.5(sl)-.55 G(eft corner at \(0,0\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.2. Locations)72
195.6 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1 G(bjects)-2.5 E F0 .607
(The symbol)97 211.2 R F1(Her)3.107 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)3.107 E -.1(wa)-.1
G .607(ys refers to the position of the last object dra).1 F .606
(wn or the destination of the last)-.15 F F1(mo)72 223.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G
F0(.).1 E 1.112(Alone and unquali\214ed, a)97 238.8 R F1 1.112(last cir)
3.612 F(cle)-.18 E F0 1.112(or an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 1.113(ther w)
-3.612 F 1.113(ay of specifying a closed-object or arc location)-.1 F
.753(refers as a position to the geometric center of the object.)72
250.8 R .752(Unquali\214ed, the name of a line or spline object)5.753 F
(refers to the position of the object start.)72 262.8 Q(Also,)97 278.4 Q
F1(pic)3.015 E F0 .516(objects ha)3.015 F .816 -.15(ve q)-.2 H .516
(uite a fe).15 F 3.016(wn)-.25 G .516
(amed locations associated with them.)-3.016 F .516
(One of these is the object)5.516 F(center)72 290.4 Q 2.771(,w)-.4 G
.271(hich can be indicated \(redundantly\) with the suf)-2.771 F<8c78>
-.25 E F1(.center)2.771 E F0 .27(\(or just)2.771 F F1(.c)2.77 E F0 2.77
(\). Thus,)B F1 .27(last cir)2.77 F .27(cle .center)-.18 F F0(is)2.77 E
(equi)72 302.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(last cir)2.5 E(cle)-.18
E F0(.)A F1 2.5(10.2.1. Locations)72 326.4 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)
-.1 H 2.5(oC).1 G(losed Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 342 Q .931(ery closed o\
bject \(box, circle, ellipse, or block composite\) also has eight compa\
ss points associ-)-.15 F(ated with it;)72 354 Q 213.12 445.44 MT 0 -72
RL -108 0 RL 0 72 RL CL .4 LW ST 159.12 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 159.12
409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST F1(.c)161.62 411.64 Q 159.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0.5
Fg 159.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)155.09 369.64 Q 213.12 373.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 213.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)208.12 369.64 Q 213.12
409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 213.12 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)215.62 411.64 Q
213.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 213.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)208.955
453.64 Q 159.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 159.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)
155.925 453.64 Q 105.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 105.12 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg
ST(.sw)97.065 453.64 Q 105.12 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 105.12 409.44 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST(.w)92.9 411.64 Q 105.12 373.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 105.12 373.44
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.nw)96.23 369.64 Q 288 409.44 36 DC ST 288 409.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 288 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.c)290.5 411.64 Q 288 373.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 288 373.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)283.97 369.64 Q 313.488 383.952
1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 313.488 383.952 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)308.488 380.152 Q 324
409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 324 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)326.5 411.64 Q
313.488 434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 313.488 434.928 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)
309.323 443.128 Q 288 445.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 288 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.s)284.805 453.64 Q 262.512 434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 262.512 434.928 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)254.457 443.128 Q 252 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 252 409.44
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.w)239.78 411.64 Q 262.512 383.952 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
262.512 383.952 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.nw)253.622 380.152 Q 108 72 416.88
409.44 DE ST 416.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 416.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.c)419.38 411.64 Q 416.88 373.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 416.88 373.44 1.44 DC 0
Cg ST(.n)412.85 369.64 Q 455.04 383.952 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 455.04 383.952
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)450.04 380.152 Q 470.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 470.88
409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)473.38 411.64 Q 455.04 434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
455.04 434.928 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)450.875 443.128 Q 416.88 445.44 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 416.88 445.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)413.685 453.64 Q 378.72
434.928 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 378.72 434.928 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)370.665
443.128 Q 362.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 362.88 409.44 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.w)
350.66 411.64 Q 378.72 383.952 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 378.72 383.952 1.44 DC 0
Cg ST(.nw)369.83 380.152 Q F0(Figure 10-1: Compass points)230.08 469.88
Q .588(these are the locations where eight compass rays from the geomet\
ric center w)72 497.48 R .588(ould intersect the \214gure.)-.1 F(So)
5.588 E .421(when we say)72 509.48 R F1 .421(last cir)2.921 F .421
(cle .s)-.18 F F0 .421
(we are referring to the south compass point of the last circle dra)
2.921 F 2.921(wn. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.921 G(pla-).15 E
(nation of Figure 7.3')72 521.48 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G(rogram is no)-2.5 E 2.5
(wc)-.25 G(omplete.)-2.5 E .136(\(In case you dislik)97 537.08 R 2.636
(ec)-.1 G .135(ompass points, the names)-2.636 F F1(.top)2.635 E F0(,)A
F1(.bottom)2.635 E F0(,)A F1(.left)2.635 E F0(and)2.635 E F1(.right)
2.635 E F0 .135(are synon)2.635 F .135(yms for)-.15 F F1(.n)2.635 E F0
(,)A F1(.s)2.635 E F0(,)A F1(.e)72 549.08 Q F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(.w)
2.5 E F0(respecti)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly; the).15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an e)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G 2.5(ea)-2.5 G(bbre)-2.5 E(viated to)
-.25 E F1(.t)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.b)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.l)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1
(.r)2.5 E F0(\).)A .685(The names)97 564.68 R F1(center)3.185 E F0(,)A
F1(top)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(bottom)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(left)3.185 E F0(,)A F1
(right)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(north)3.185 E F0(,)A F1(south)3.185 E F0(,)A F1
(east)3.185 E F0 3.185(,a)C(nd)-3.185 E F1(west)3.185 E F0 .685
(can also be used \(without)3.185 F .8
(the leading dot\) in a pre\214x form mark)72 576.68 R .8(ed by)-.1 F F1
(of)3.3 E F0 3.3(;t)C(hus,)-3.3 E F1 .799(center of last cir)3.3 F(cle)
-.18 E F0(and)3.299 E F1 .799(top of 2nd last ellipse)3.299 F F0(are)
3.299 E .124(both v)72 588.68 R .124(alid object references.)-.25 F
(Finally)5.124 E 2.624(,t)-.65 G .125(he names)-2.624 F F1(left)2.625 E
F0(and)2.625 E F1(right)2.625 E F0 .125(can be pre\214x)2.625 F .125
(ed with)-.15 F F1(upper)2.625 E F0(and)2.625 E F1(lo)2.625 E(wer)-.1 E
F0(which)2.625 E(both ha)72 600.68 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he ob).15 E
(vious meaning.)-.15 E(Arc objects also ha)97 616.28 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.2
H(ompass points; the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(re the compass points of the implied circle.)-2.5 E 1.308
(Non-closed objects \(line, arro)97 631.88 R 2.608 -.65(w, o)-.25 H
3.808(rs).65 G 1.308(pline\) ha)-3.808 F 1.608 -.15(ve c)-.2 H 1.308
(ompass points too, b).15 F 1.308(ut the locations of them are)-.2 F
(completely arbitrary)72 643.88 Q 5(.I)-.65 G 2.5(np)-5 G(articular)-2.5
E 2.5(,d)-.4 G(if)-2.5 E(ferent)-.25 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(implementations return dif)2.5 E(ferent locations.)-.25 E F1 2.5
(10.2.2. Locations)72 667.88 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1
G(pen Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 683.48 Q .005
(ery open object \(line, arro)-.15 F 1.306 -.65(w, a)-.25 H .006
(rc, or spline\) has three named points:).65 F F1(.start)2.506 E F0(,)A
F1(.center)2.506 E F0(\(or)2.506 E F1(.c)2.506 E F0 .006(\), and)B F1
(.end)2.506 E F0(.)A(The)72 695.48 Q 3.183(yc)-.15 G .683
(an also be used without leading dots in the)-3.183 F F1(of)3.182 E F0
.682(pre\214x form.)3.182 F .682
(The center of an arc is the center of its)5.682 F(circle, b)72 707.48 Q
(ut the center of a line, path, or spline is halfw)-.2 E
(ay between its endpoints.)-.1 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-15-)279.67 48 Q .4 LW 237.78 91.2 165.78 127.2
DL 201.78 109.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 201.78 109.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(.center)165.43 104.2 Q 165.78 127.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
165.78 127.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)136.09 122.2 Q 237.78 91.2 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 237.78 91.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)212.52 86.2 Q 318.42 127.2 36 -0
-90 DA 318.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)
282.07 122.2 Q 318.42 91.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 91.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.start)288.73 86.2 Q 354.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 354.42 127.2 1.44 DC 0
Cg ST(.end)329.16 122.2 Q 237.78 171.84 165.78 171.84 DL 165.78 207.84
237.78 171.84 DL 237.78 207.84 165.78 207.84 DL 201.78 189.84 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 201.78 189.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)165.43 184.84 Q 165.78
171.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 165.78 171.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)136.09 166.84
Q 237.78 207.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 237.78 207.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)212.52
202.84 Q 318.42 207.84 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 42 -6 54 -18 RC 12 -12 12 -18 0
-18 RC -12 0 -30 0 -54 0 RC -36 0 RL ST 318.42 189.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
318.42 189.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)282.07 184.84 Q 318.42 207.84 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 207.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)288.73 202.84 Q 318.42
171.84 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 318.42 171.84 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)293.16 166.84 Q
F0(Figure 10-2: Special points on open objects)201.06 232.28 Q F1 2.5
(10.3. W)72 271.88 R(ays of Composing P)-.65 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 .851
(Once you ha)97 287.48 R 1.151 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.051 -.1(wo p).15 H .852
(ositions to w).1 F .852(ork with, there are se)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.852(ral w).15 F .852(ays to combine them to specify ne)-.1 F(w)-.25 E
(positions.)72 299.48 Q F1 2.5(10.3.1. V)72 323.48 R
(ector Sums and Displacements)-1 E F0 .239
(Positions may be added or subtracted to yield a ne)97 339.08 R 2.738
(wp)-.25 G .238(osition \(to be more precise, you can only add a)-2.738
F .1(position and an e)72 351.08 R .101(xpression pair; the latter must\
 be on the right side of the addition or subtraction sign\).)-.15 F(The)
5.101 E .328(result is the con)72 363.08 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .328(ntional v)
.15 F .328(ector sum or dif)-.15 F .328(ference of coordinates.)-.25 F
-.15(Fo)5.328 G 2.828(re).15 G(xample,)-2.978 E F1 .328
(last box .ne + \(0.1, 0\))2.828 F F0 .327(is a)2.827 F -.25(va)72
375.08 S .026(lid position.).25 F .026(This e)5.026 F .026
(xample illustrates a common use, to de\214ne a position slightly of)
-.15 F .027(fset from a named one)-.25 F(\(say)72 387.08 Q 2.5(,f)-.65 G
(or captioning purposes\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.3.2. Inter)72 411.08 R
(polation Between P)-.1 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 4.496(Ap)97 426.68 S 1.996
(osition may be interpolated between an)-4.496 F 4.495(yt)-.15 G 2.195
-.1(wo p)-4.495 H 4.495(ositions. The).1 F 1.995(syntax is `)4.495 F/F2
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1 1.995(of the way)4.495 F
(between)72 438.68 Q F2(position1)4.201 E F1(and)4.201 E F2(position2)
4.202 E F0 4.202('. F)B 1.702(or e)-.15 F 1.702(xample, you can say)-.15
F F1 1.702(1/3 of the way between Her)4.202 F 4.202(ea)-.18 G 1.702
(nd last)-4.202 F .199(ellipse .ne)72 450.68 R F0 5.199(.T)C .198(he fr\
action may be in numerator/denominator form or may be an ordinary numbe\
r \(v)-5.199 F .198(alues are)-.25 F F2(not)72 462.68 Q F0 .814
(restricted to [0,1]\).)3.314 F .814(As an alternati)5.814 F 1.115 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.315(ot).15 G .815(his v)-3.315 F .815
(erbose syntax, you can say `)-.15 F F2(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1(<)5.815 E
F2(position1)1.25 E F1(,)3.315 E F2(posi-)3.315 E(tion2)72 474.68 Q F1
(>).02 E F0('; thus, the e)A(xample could also be written as)-.15 E F1
(1/3 <Her)2.5 E(e, last ellipse>)-.18 E F0(.)A 306 492.68 MT -3.816
6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 306 492.68 MT -3.816 6.336 RL -2.52
-2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 300.888 497.792 270 528.68 DL 282.024
516.656 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 282.024 516.656 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(P)287.884 518.856
Q(Figure 10-3:)129.69 551.68 Q F1(P: 1/3 of the way between last arr)2.5
E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(start and last arr).1 E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(end).1 E
F0(This f)97 579.28 Q(acility can be used, for e)-.1 E(xample, to dra)
-.15 E 2.5(wd)-.15 G(ouble connections.)-2.5 E 270 633.28 MT 0 -36 RL
-54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yin)236.61 617.48 Q 360 633.28 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0
RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yang)323.28 617.48 Q 306 610.816 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6
RL CL 0 Fg 306 610.816 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW
298.8 610.816 270 610.816 DL 270 619.744 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL 0 Fg
270 619.744 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 277.2 619.744
306 619.744 DL(Figure 10-4: Doubled arro)229.94 656.28 Q(ws)-.25 E -1.1
(Yo)72 683.88 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G(an get Figure 10-4 from the follo)-2.5 E
(wing program:)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-16-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 84 Q
(A: box "yin"; move;)108 96 Q(B: box "yang";)108 108 Q
(arrow right at 1/4 <A.e,A.ne>;)108 120 Q(arrow left)108 132 Q
(at 1/4 <B.w,B.sw>;)12 E(.PE)108 144 Q F0
(Note the use of the short form for interpolating points.)72 165.6 Q/F2
10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(10.3.3. Pr)72 189.6 R(ojections of P)-.18 E
(oints)-.2 E F0(Gi)97 205.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.853(nt).15 G .553 -.1
(wo p)-2.853 H(ositions).1 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)2.853 E F0(and)
2.853 E F3(q)2.853 E F0 2.853(,t)C .353(he position)-2.853 F F2(\()2.853
E F3(p)1.25 E F2(,)A F3(q)2.853 E F2(\))A F0 .353
(has the X coordinate of)2.853 F F3(p)2.853 E F0 .353
(and the Y coordinate of)2.853 F F3(q)2.852 E F0(.)A 1.664(This can be \
helpful in placing an object at one of the corners of the virtual box d\
e\214ned by tw)72 217.2 R 4.164(oo)-.1 G(ther)-4.164 E(objects.)72 229.2
Q 360 254.4 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 360 254.4 1.44 DC .4 LW 0 Cg ST F2(\(B,A\))
367.2 249.4 Q F0(is here)2.5 E 360 326.4 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 360 326.4 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST(B)367.2 335.8 Q 216 326.4 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 216 326.4 1.44 DC 0
Cg ST F2(\(A,B\))156.87 335.8 Q F0(is here)2.5 E 216 254.4 1.44 DC 0.5
Fg 216 254.4 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(A)208.8 249.4 Q(Figure 10-5: Using \()
212.45 356.6 Q F3(x)A F0(,)A F3(y)2.5 E F0 2.5(\)c)C(omposition)-2.5 E
F2 2.5(10.4. Using)72 392.6 R(Locations)2.5 E F0 .841(There are four w)
97 408.2 R .841(ays to use locations;)-.1 F F2(at)3.341 E F0(,)A F2(fr)
3.341 E(om)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(to)3.341 E F0 3.341(,a)C(nd)-3.341 E F2
(with)3.34 E F0 5.84(.A)C .84(ll four are object modi\214ers; that is,)
-5.84 F(you use them as suf)72 420.2 Q<8c78>-.25 E(es to a dra)-.15 E
(wing command.)-.15 E(The)97 435.8 Q F2(at)3.623 E F0 1.123
(modi\214er says to dra)3.623 F -6.122 3.623(wa c)-.15 H 1.124
(losed object or arc with its center at the follo)-3.623 F 1.124
(wing location, or to)-.25 F(dra)72 447.8 Q 2.5(wal)-.15 G
(ine/spline/arro)-2.5 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G(tarting at the follo)-2.5 E
(wing location.)-.25 E(The)97 463.4 Q F2(to)3.648 E F0 1.147
(modi\214er can be used alone to specify a mo)3.647 F 1.447 -.15(ve d)
-.15 H 3.647(estination. The).15 F F2(fr)3.647 E(om)-.18 E F0 1.147
(modi\214er can be used)3.647 F(alone in the same w)72 475.4 Q(ay as)-.1
E F2(at)2.5 E F0(.)A(The)97 491 Q F2(fr)2.677 E(om)-.18 E F0(and)2.677 E
F2(to)2.677 E F0 .177(modi\214ers can be used with a)2.677 F F2(line)
2.677 E F0(or)2.677 E F2(ar)2.677 E(c)-.18 E F0 .177
(command to specify start and end points of)2.677 F 1.873(the object.)72
503 R 1.873(In conjunction with named locations, this of)6.873 F 1.873
(fers a v)-.25 F 1.873(ery \215e)-.15 F 1.872
(xible mechanism for connecting)-.15 F 2.5(objects. F)72 515 R(or e)-.15
E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing program)-.25 E F1(.PS)108 533 Q
(box "from")108 545 Q(move 0.75;)108 557 Q(ellipse "to")108 569 Q
(arc cw from 1/3 of the way \\)108 581 Q
(between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n;)132 593 Q(.PE)
108 605 Q F0(yields:)72 626.6 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-17-)279.67 48 Q 261 169.536 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0
RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST(from)224.28 153.736 Q 54 36 342 151.536 DE ST(to)
338.11 153.736 Q 292.464 133.536 49.536 -0 180 DA(Figure 10-6: A trick)
153.135 192.536 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(onnection speci\214ed with English-lik)
-2.5 E 2.5(es)-.1 G(yntax)-2.5 E(The)97 220.136 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(with)2.781 E F0 .281(modi\214er allo)2.781 F .281(ws you to identify a\
 named attachment point of an object \(or a position within)-.25 F .167
(the object\) with another point.)72 232.136 R .166(This is v)5.166 F
.166(ery useful for connecting objects in a natural w)-.15 F(ay)-.1 E
5.166(.F)-.65 G .166(or an e)-5.316 F(xample,)-.15 E(consider these tw)
72 244.136 Q 2.5(op)-.1 G(rograms:)-2.5 E 180 325.136 MT 0 -36 RL -36 0
RL 0 36 RL CL ST 234 334.136 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54 RL CL ST F1
(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75)106.075 365.136 Q 378 316.136
MT 0 -36 RL -36 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 432 316.136 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54
RL CL ST(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5;)347.83 359.136 Q
(box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se;)294.22 371.136 Q F0
(Figure 10-7: Using the)181.48 403.936 Q F1(with)2.5 E F0
(modi\214er for attachments)2.5 E F1 2.5(10.5. The)72 439.936 R
(`chop' Modi\214er)2.5 E F0 .99(When dra)97 455.536 R .99
(wing lines between circles that don')-.15 F 3.49(ti)-.18 G .99
(ntersect them at a compass point, it is useful to be)-3.49 F(able to s\
horten a line by the radius of the circle at either or both ends.)72
467.536 Q(Consider the follo)5 E(wing program:)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF
(.PS)108 485.536 Q(circle "x")108 497.536 Q
(circle "y" at 1st circle - \(0.4, 0.6\))108 509.536 Q
(circle "z" at 1st circle + \(0.4, -0.6\))108 521.536 Q
(arrow from 1st circle to 2nd circle chop)108 533.536 Q
(arrow from 2nd circle to 3rd circle chop)108 545.536 Q
(arrow from 3rd circle to 1st circle chop)108 557.536 Q(.PE)108 569.536
Q F0(It yields the follo)72 591.136 Q(wing:)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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(side\) in the current block.)72 491.6 R .031(The v)5.031 F .031
(ariable is not visible outside of the block.)-.25 F .031
(This is similar to the C program-)5.031 F(ming language where a v)72
503.6 Q(ariable within a block shado)-.25 E(ws a v)-.25 E
(ariable with the same name outside of the block.)-.25 E(GNU)97 519.2 Q
F1(gpic)2.904 E F0 .404(supports an alternate form of assignment using)
2.904 F F1(:=)2.904 E F0 5.404(.T)C .404(he v)-5.404 F .404
(ariable must already be de\214ned,)-.25 F .575(and the v)72 531.2 R
.575(alue is assigned to that v)-.25 F .575
(ariable without creating a v)-.25 F .575
(ariable local to the current block.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.575 G 3.075(re).15
G(xam-)-3.225 E(ple, this)72 543.2 Q F2(x=5)108 561.2 Q(y=5)108 573.2 Q
([)108 585.2 Q(x:=3)120 597.2 Q(y=3)120 609.2 Q(])108 621.2 Q
(print x " " y)108 633.2 Q F0(prints)72 654.8 Q F1 2.5(35)2.5 G F0(.)
-2.5 E -1.1(Yo)97 670.4 S 2.723(uc)1.1 G .224
(an use the height, width, radius, and x and y coordinates of an)-2.723
F 2.724(yo)-.15 G .224(bject or corner in e)-2.724 F(xpressions.)-.15 E
(If)72 682.4 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(is an object label or name, all the follo)
2.5 E(wing are v)-.25 E(alid:)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-22-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 102(A.x #)
108 84 R 6(xc)6 G(oordinate of the center of A)-6 E 84(A.ne.y #)108 96 R
6(yc)6 G(oordinate of the northeast corner of A)-6 E 90(A.wid #)108 108
R(the width of A)6 E 96(A.ht #)108 120 R(and its height)6 E
(2nd last circle.rad)108 132 Q 6(#t)12 G
(he radius of the 2nd last circle)-6 E F0(Note the second e)72 153.6 Q
(xpression, sho)-.15 E(wing ho)-.25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5(oe)-2.5 G
(xtract a corner coordinate.)-2.65 E .148
(Basic arithmetic resembling those of C operators are a)97 169.2 R -.25
(va)-.2 G(ilable;).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(+)2.647 E F0(,)A F2(*)
2.647 E F0(,)A F2(-)2.647 E F0(,)A F2(/)2.647 E F0 2.647(,a)C(nd)-2.647
E F2(%)2.647 E F0 5.147(.S)C 2.647(oi)-5.147 G(s)-2.647 E F2(^)2.647 E
F0 .147(for e)2.647 F(xponen-)-.15 E 3.307(tiation. Grouping)72 181.2 R
.807(is permitted in the usual w)3.307 F .807(ay using parentheses.)-.1
F(GNU)5.807 E F2(gpic)3.308 E F0(allo)3.308 E .808
(ws logical operators to)-.25 F(appear in e)72 193.2 Q(xpressions;)-.15
E F2(!)2.5 E F0(\(logical ne)2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion, not f).05 E
(actorial\),)-.1 E F2(&&)2.5 E F0(,)A F2 1.666(||)2.5 G F0(,)-1.666 E F2
(==)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(!=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(>=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(<=)2.5 E F0(,)
A F2(<)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(.)A -1.11(Va)97 208.8 S .563(rious b)
1.11 F .563(uilt-in functions are supported:)-.2 F F2(sin\()3.063 E/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F2(\))A F0(,)A F2(cos\()3.063 E F3(x)A F2(\))A
F0(,)A F2(log\()3.063 E F3(x)A F2(\))A F0(,)A F2(exp\()3.063 E F3(x)A F2
(\))A F0(,)A F2(sqrt\()3.062 E F3(x)A F2(\))A F0(,)A F2(max\()3.062 E F3
(x)A F2(,)A F3(y)A F2(\))A F0(,)A F2(atan2\()3.062 E F3(x)A F2(,)A F3(y)
A F2(\))A F0(,)A F2(min\()72 220.8 Q F3(x)A F2(,)A F3(y)A F2(\))A F0(,)A
F2(int\()3.54 E F3(x)A F2(\))A F0(,)A F2(rand\(\))3.54 E F0 3.54(,a)C
(nd)-3.54 E F2(srand\(\))3.54 E F0 6.04(.B)C(oth)-6.04 E F2(exp)3.54 E
F0(and)3.541 E F2(log)3.541 E F0 1.041(are base 10;)3.541 F F2(int)3.541
E F0 1.041(does inte)3.541 F 1.041(ger truncation;)-.15 F F2(rand\(\))
3.541 E F0 .073(returns a random number in [0-1\), and)72 232.8 R F2
(srand\(\))2.573 E F0 .073(sets the seed for a ne)2.573 F 2.573(ws)-.25
G .073(equence of pseudo-random numbers)-2.573 F(to be returned by)72
244.8 Q F2(rand\(\))2.5 E F0(\()2.5 E F2(srand\(\))A F0(is a GNU e)2.5 E
(xtension\).)-.15 E(GNU)97 260.4 Q F2(gpic)3.455 E F0 .955
(also documents a one-ar)3.455 F .955(gument form or rand,)-.18 F F2
(rand\()3.455 E F3(x)A F2(\))A F0 3.455(,w)C .955
(hich returns a random number)-3.455 F(between 1 and)72 272.4 Q F3(x)2.5
E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut this is deprecated and may be remo)-2.7 E -.15(ve)-.15
G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(naf)-2.5 G(uture v)-2.5 E(ersion.)-.15 E .072
(The function)97 288 R F2(sprintf\(\))2.572 E F0(beha)2.572 E -.15(ve)
-.2 G 2.571(sl).15 G(ik)-2.571 E 2.571(eaC)-.1 G F3(sprintf)A F0 .071
(\(3\) function that only tak)1.96 F .071(es %, %e, %f, and %g format)
-.1 F(strings.)72 300 Q F2 2.5(14. Macr)72 324 R(os)-.18 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97
339.6 S 2.527(uc)1.1 G .028(an de\214ne macros in)-2.527 F F2(pic)2.528
E F0 2.528(,w)C .028(ith up to 32 ar)-2.528 F .028
(guments \(up to 16 on EBCDIC platforms\).)-.18 F .028(This is use-)
5.028 F .952(ful for diagrams with repetiti)72 351.6 R 1.251 -.15(ve p)
-.25 H 3.451(arts. In).15 F .951
(conjunction with the scope rules for block composites, it ef)3.451 F
(fec-)-.25 E(ti)72 363.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly gi).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(sy).15 G(ou the ability to write functions.)-2.5 E(The syntax is)97
379.2 Q F2(de\214ne)108 397.2 Q F3(name)6 E F2({)6 E F3 -.37(re)6 G
(placement te).37 E(xt)-.2 E F2(})2.5 E F0 .217(This de\214nes)72 418.8
R F3(name)2.717 E F0 .218
(as a macro to be replaced by the replacement te)2.717 F .218
(xt \(not including the braces\).)-.15 F .218(The macro)5.218 F
(may be called as)72 430.8 Q F3(name)108 448.8 Q F2(\()A F3(ar)A(g1, ar)
-.37 E 1.666(g2, .)-.37 F -3.332 1.666(.. a)1.666 H -.37(rg)-1.666 G(n)
.37 E F2(\))A F0(The ar)72 470.4 Q(guments \(if an)-.18 E
(y\) are substituted for tok)-.15 E(ens)-.1 E F2($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($2)
2.5 E F0 1.666(...)2.5 G F2($n).834 E F0
(appearing in the replacement te)2.5 E(xt.)-.15 E(As an e)97 486 Q
(xample of macro use, consider this:)-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-23-)279.67 48 Q/F1 9/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 83 Q
5.4(#P)108 94 S(lot a single jumper in a box, $1 is the on-off state.)
-5.4 E(define jumper { [)108 105 Q(shrinkfactor = 0.8;)129.6 116 Q
(Outer: box invis wid 0.45 ht 1;)129.6 127 Q 5.4(#C)129.6 149 S
(ount on end ] to reset these)-5.4 E
(boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2;)129.6 160 Q 5.4(boxht =)129.6
171 R 5.4(Outer.ht *)5.4 F(shrinkfactor / 2;)5.4 E
(box fill \(!$1\) with .s at center of Outer;)129.6 193 Q
(box fill \($1\))129.6 204 Q(with .n at center of Outer;)10.8 E 5.4(]})
108 215 S 5.4(#P)108 237 S(lot a block of six jumpers.)-5.4 E
(define jumperblock {)108 248 Q(jumper\($1\);)129.6 259 Q(jumper\($2\);)
129.6 270 Q(jumper\($3\);)129.6 281 Q(jumper\($4\);)129.6 292 Q
(jumper\($5\);)129.6 303 Q(jumper\($6\);)129.6 314 Q 5.4(jwidth =)129.6
336 R(last [].Outer.wid;)5.4 E(jheight = last [].Outer.ht;)129.6 347 Q
(box with .nw at 6th last [].nw wid 6*jwidth ht jheight;)129.6 369 Q 5.4
(#U)129.6 391 S(se {} to avoid changing position from last box draw.)
-5.4 E 5.4(#T)129.6 402 S
(his is necessary so move in any direction works as expected)-5.4 E
({"Jumpers in state $1$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + \(0,-0.2\);})129.6
413 Q(})108 424 Q 5.4(#S)108 446 S(ample macro invocations.)-5.4 E
(jumperblock\(1,1,0,0,1,0\);)108 457 Q(move;)108 468 Q
(jumperblock\(1,0,1,0,1,1\);)108 479 Q(.PE)108 490 Q F0
(It yields the follo)72 511.6 Q(wing:)-.25 E 107.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 107.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL .4 LW 0 Cg ST 107.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL 0 Fg 107.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST
139.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 139.68 565.6 MT
0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 139.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 139.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 172.08 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 172.08 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 172.08
594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 172.08 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 204.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 204.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 204.48 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1
Fg 204.48 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 236.88
565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 236.88 565.6 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 236.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 236.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 269.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 269.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 269.28
594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 269.28 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 279 601.6 MT 0 -72 RL -194.4 0
RL 0 72 RL CL ST(Jumpers in state 110010)133.33 618.2 Q 319.68 565.6 MT
0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 319.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 319.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 319.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Cg ST 352.08 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 352.08
565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 352.08 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 352.08 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 384.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL 1 Fg 384.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST
384.48 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 384.48 594.4 MT
0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 416.88 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 416.88 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 416.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1
Fg 416.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 449.28
565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 449.28 565.6 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 449.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 449.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 481.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1
Fg 481.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 481.68
594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 481.68 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 491.4 601.6 MT 0 -72 RL -194.4
0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST(Jumpers in state 101011)345.73 618.2 Q
(Figure 14-1: Sample use of a macro)216.345 639 Q .645(This macro e)72
666.6 R .645(xample illustrates ho)-.15 F 3.145(wy)-.25 G .645
(ou can combine [], brace grouping, and v)-3.145 F .644
(ariable assignment to write)-.25 F(true functions.)72 678.6 Q .251
(One detail the e)97 694.2 R .251(xample abo)-.15 F .552 -.15(ve d)-.15
H .252(oes not illustrate is the f).15 F .252(act that macro ar)-.1 F
.252(gument parsing is not tok)-.18 F(en-)-.1 E 2.798(oriented. If)72
706.2 R .298(you call)2.798 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(jumper\( 1 \))2.798
E F0 2.798(,t)C .298(he v)-2.798 F .298(alue of $1 is)-.25 F F2 2.5("1")
2.798 G F0 5.298(.Y)-2.5 G .297(ou could e)-6.398 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.797
(nc).15 G(all)-2.797 E F2(jumper\(big string\))2.797 E F0 .297(to gi)
2.797 F -.15(ve)-.25 G($1 the v)72 718.2 Q(alue)-.25 E F2("big string")
2.5 E F0(.)A 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-24-)279.67 48 Q .272(If you w)97 84 R .272
(ant to pass in a coordinate pair)-.1 F 2.773(,y)-.4 G .273(ou can a)
-2.773 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .273
(id getting tripped up by the comma by wrapping).2 F
(the pair in parentheses.)72 96 Q(Macros persist through pictures.)97
111.6 Q 1.6 -.8(To u)5 H(nde\214ne a macro, say).8 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(undef)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(;f)C(or e)-2.5
E(xample,)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(undef jumper)108 129.6 Q
(undef jumperblock)108 141.6 Q F0 -.1(wo)72 163.2 S
(uld unde\214ne the tw).1 E 2.5(om)-.1 G(acros in the jumper block e)
-2.5 E(xample.)-.15 E F1 2.5(15. Import/Export)72 187.2 R(Commands)2.5 E
F0(Commands that import or e)97 202.8 Q(xport data between)-.15 E F1
(pic)2.5 E F0(and its en)2.5 E(vironment are described here.)-.4 E F1
2.5(15.1. File)72 226.8 R(and T)2.5 E(able Insertion)-.92 E F0
(The statement)97 242.4 Q F3(copy)108 260.4 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0
.831(inserts the contents of)72 282 R F2(\214lename)3.331 E F0 .831
(in the)3.331 F F1(pic)3.331 E F0 .831(input stream.)3.331 F(An)5.831 E
(y)-.15 E F1(.PS)3.33 E F0(/)A F1(.PE)A F0 .83
(pair in the \214le is ignored.)3.33 F -1.1(Yo)5.83 G 3.33(uc)1.1 G(an)
-3.33 E(use this to include pre-generated images.)72 294 Q 2.5(Av)97
309.6 S(ariant of this statement replicates the)-2.75 E F1(copy thru)2.5
E F0(feature of)2.5 E F2(gr)2.5 E(ap)-.15 E F0 2.5(\(1\). The).19 F
(call)2.5 E F3(copy)108 327.6 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F3(thru)2.5 E F2
(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(calls)72 349.2 Q F2(macr)2.849 E(o)-.45 E F0
.349(\(which may be either a name or replacement te)2.849 F .35
(xt\) on the ar)-.15 F .35(guments obtained by breaking each)-.18 F .636
(line of the \214le into blank-separated \214elds.)72 361.2 R .636
(The macro may ha)5.636 F .936 -.15(ve u)-.2 H 3.136(pt).15 G 3.136(o9a)
-3.136 G -.18(rg)-3.136 G 3.136(uments. The).18 F .635(replacement te)
3.135 F(xt)-.15 E
(may be delimited by braces or by a pair of instances of an)72 373.2 Q
2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not appearing in the rest of the te)-2.5 E(xt.)
-.15 E(If you write)97 388.8 Q F3 -3.5(copy thru)108 406.8 R F2(macr)2.5
E(o)-.45 E F0(omitting the \214lename, lines to be parsed are tak)72
428.4 Q(en from the input source up to the ne)-.1 E(xt)-.15 E F1(.PE)2.5
E F0(.)A 1.507(In either of the last tw)97 444 R(o)-.1 E F1(copy)4.007 E
F0 1.507(commands, GNU)4.007 F F1(gpic)4.007 E F0 1.507
(permits a trailing `)4.007 F F1(until)A F2(wor)4.007 E(d)-.37 E F0
4.007('c).77 G 1.507(lause to be)-4.007 F .625
(added which terminates the cop)72 456 R 3.125(yw)-.1 G .624
(hen the \214rst w)-3.125 F .624(ord matches the ar)-.1 F .624
(gument \(the def)-.18 F .624(ault beha)-.1 F .624(vior is there-)-.2 F
(fore equi)72 468 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(until .PE)2.5 E F0
(\).)A(Accordingly)97 483.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(.PS)122
499.2 Q(copy thru % circle at \($1,$2\) % until "END")122 511.2 Q 6(12)
122 523.2 S 6(34)122 535.2 S 6(56)122 547.2 S(END)122 559.2 Q(box)122
571.2 Q(.PE)122 583.2 Q F0(is equi)72 598.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25
E F3(.PS)122 614.4 Q(circle at \(1,2\))122 626.4 Q(circle at \(3,4\))122
638.4 Q(circle at \(5,6\))122 650.4 Q(box)122 662.4 Q(.PE)122 674.4 Q F1
2.5(15.2. Deb)72 698.4 R(ug Messages)-.2 E F0 .89(The command)97 714 R
F1(print)3.39 E F0 .89(accepts an)3.39 F 3.39(yn)-.15 G .89(umber of ar)
-3.39 F .89(guments, concatenates their output forms, and writes)-.18 F
(the result to standard error)72 726 Q 5(.E)-.55 G(ach ar)-5 E
(gument must be an e)-.18 E(xpression, a position, or a te)-.15 E
(xt string.)-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-25-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(15.3. Escape)72 84 R(to P)2.5 E(ost-Pr)-.2 E(ocessor)-.18 E F0
(If you write)97 99.6 Q F1(command)108 117.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.666(...)1.666 G F1(pic)72 139.2 Q F0 1.548
(concatenates the ar)4.048 F 1.547
(guments and pass them through as a line to trof)-.18 F 4.047(fo)-.25 G
4.047(rT)-4.047 G(E)-5.714 2.24 M 4.047(X. Each)-1.25 -2.24 N F2(ar)
4.047 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.547(must be an)4.047 F -.15(ex)72 151.2 S .005
(pression, a position, or te).15 F 2.505(xt. This)-.15 F .005
(has a similar ef)2.505 F .005(fect to a line be)-.25 F .005
(ginning with)-.15 F F1(.)2.505 E F0(or)5.005 E F1(\\)2.505 E F0 2.505
(,b)1.666 G .005(ut allo)-2.705 F .005(ws the v)-.25 F(alues)-.25 E
(of v)72 163.2 Q(ariables to be passed through.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)72 178.8
S 2.5(re).15 G(xample,)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 196.8 Q 6(x=1)
108 208.8 S(4)-6 E(command ".ds string x is " x ".")108 220.8 Q(.PE)108
232.8 Q(\\*[string])108 244.8 Q F0(prints)72 266.4 Q F3 6(xi)108 284.4 S
6(s1)-6 G(4.)-6 E F1 2.5(15.4. Executing)72 314.4 R(Shell Commands)2.5 E
F0(The command)97 330 Q F3 -3.5(sh {)108 348 R F2(anything)2.5 E 1.666
(...)-.15 G F3(}).834 E F0(macro-e)72 369.6 Q 1.368(xpands the te)-.15 F
1.367(xt in braces, then e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.367
(cutes it as a shell command.).15 F 1.367
(This could be used to generate)6.367 F .755
(images or data tables for later inclusion.)72 381.6 R .756
(The delimiters sho)5.756 F .756(wn as {} here may also be tw)-.25 F
3.256(oc)-.1 G .756(opies of an)-3.256 F(y)-.15 E 1.397
(one character not present in the shell command te)72 393.6 R 3.897
(xt. In)-.15 F 1.397(either case, the body may contain balanced {})3.897
F 2.5(pairs. Strings)72 405.6 R
(in the body may contain balanced or unbalanced braces in an)2.5 E 2.5
(yc)-.15 G(ase.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(16. Contr)72 429.6 R(ol-\215o)-.18 E 2.5
(wc)-.1 G(onstructs)-2.5 E F0(The)97 445.2 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(language pro)2.5 E(vides conditionals and looping.)-.15 E -.15(Fo)5 G
2.5(re).15 G(xample,)-2.65 E F3(pi = atan2\(0,-1\);)108 463.2 Q
(for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do {)108 475.2 Q("-" at \(i/2, 0\);)132
487.2 Q("." at \(i/2, sin\(i\)/2\);)132 499.2 Q
(":" at \(i/2, cos\(i\)/2\);)132 511.2 Q(})108 523.2 Q F0
(which yields this:)72 544.8 Q(-)174.735 601 Q(.)175.15 601 Q(:)175.01
565 Q(-)178.335 601 Q(.)178.75 597.4 Q(:)178.61 565.144 Q(-)181.935 601
Q(.)182.35 593.872 Q(:)182.21 565.72 Q(-)185.535 601 Q(.)185.95 590.344
Q(:)185.81 566.584 Q(-)189.135 601 Q(.)189.55 586.96 Q(:)189.41 567.808
Q(-)192.735 601 Q(.)193.15 583.72 Q(:)193.01 569.392 Q(-)196.335 601 Q
(.)196.75 580.696 Q(:)196.61 571.264 Q(-)199.935 601 Q(.)200.35 577.816
Q(:)200.21 573.496 Q(-)203.535 601 Q(.)203.95 575.152 Q(:)203.81 575.944
Q(-)207.135 601 Q(.)207.55 572.776 Q(:)207.41 578.608 Q(-)210.735 601 Q
(.)211.15 570.688 Q(:)211.01 581.56 Q(-)214.335 601 Q(.)214.75 568.888 Q
(:)214.61 584.656 Q(-)217.935 601 Q(.)218.35 567.448 Q(:)218.21 587.968
Q(-)221.535 601 Q(.)221.95 566.296 Q(:)221.81 591.352 Q(-)225.135 601 Q
(.)225.55 565.504 Q(:)225.41 594.88 Q(-)228.735 601 Q(.)229.15 565.072 Q
(:)229.01 598.48 Q(-)232.335 601 Q(.)232.75 565 Q(:)232.61 602.08 Q(-)
235.935 601 Q(.)236.35 565.288 Q(:)236.21 605.608 Q(-)239.535 601 Q(.)
239.95 565.936 Q(:)239.81 609.208 Q(-)243.135 601 Q(.)243.55 566.944 Q
(:)243.41 612.664 Q(-)246.735 601 Q(.)247.15 568.24 Q(:)247.01 615.976 Q
(-)250.335 601 Q(.)250.75 569.896 Q(:)250.61 619.144 Q(-)253.935 601 Q
(.)254.35 571.912 Q(:)254.21 622.168 Q(-)257.535 601 Q(.)257.95 574.144
Q(:)257.81 624.976 Q(-)261.135 601 Q(.)261.55 576.664 Q(:)261.41 627.568
Q(-)264.735 601 Q(.)265.15 579.472 Q(:)265.01 629.872 Q(-)268.335 601 Q
(.)268.75 582.424 Q(:)268.61 631.816 Q(-)271.935 601 Q(.)272.35 585.592
Q(:)272.21 633.544 Q(-)275.535 601 Q(.)275.95 588.976 Q(:)275.81 634.912
Q(-)279.135 601 Q(.)279.55 592.36 Q(:)279.41 635.92 Q(-)282.735 601 Q(.)
283.15 595.888 Q(:)283.01 636.64 Q(-)286.335 601 Q(.)286.75 599.488 Q(:)
286.61 637 Q(-)289.935 601 Q(.)290.35 603.088 Q(:)290.21 636.928 Q(-)
293.535 601 Q(.)293.95 606.688 Q(:)293.81 636.568 Q(-)297.135 601 Q(.)
297.55 610.216 Q(:)297.41 635.776 Q(-)300.735 601 Q(.)301.15 613.6 Q(:)
301.01 634.696 Q(-)304.335 601 Q(.)304.75 616.912 Q(:)304.61 633.256 Q
(-)307.935 601 Q(.)308.35 620.08 Q(:)308.21 631.528 Q(-)311.535 601 Q(.)
311.95 623.032 Q(:)311.81 629.44 Q(-)315.135 601 Q(.)315.55 625.768 Q(:)
315.41 627.136 Q(-)318.735 601 Q(.)319.15 628.216 Q(:)319.01 624.544 Q
(-)322.335 601 Q(.)322.75 630.448 Q(:)322.61 621.664 Q(-)325.935 601 Q
(.)326.35 632.392 Q(:)326.21 618.64 Q(-)329.535 601 Q(.)329.95 633.976 Q
(:)329.81 615.4 Q(-)333.135 601 Q(.)333.55 635.272 Q(:)333.41 612.088 Q
(-)336.735 601 Q(.)337.15 636.208 Q(:)337.01 608.56 Q(-)340.335 601 Q(.)
340.75 636.784 Q(:)340.61 605.032 Q(-)343.935 601 Q(.)344.35 637 Q(:)
344.21 601.432 Q(-)347.535 601 Q(.)347.95 636.856 Q(:)347.81 597.832 Q
(-)351.135 601 Q(.)351.55 636.352 Q(:)351.41 594.304 Q(-)354.735 601 Q
(.)355.15 635.488 Q(:)355.01 590.776 Q(-)358.335 601 Q(.)358.75 634.336
Q(:)358.61 587.392 Q(-)361.935 601 Q(.)362.35 632.824 Q(:)362.21 584.152
Q(-)365.535 601 Q(.)365.95 630.952 Q(:)365.81 581.056 Q(-)369.135 601 Q
(.)369.55 628.792 Q(:)369.41 578.176 Q(-)372.735 601 Q(.)373.15 626.416
Q(:)373.01 575.512 Q(-)376.335 601 Q(.)376.75 623.752 Q(:)376.61 573.064
Q(-)379.935 601 Q(.)380.35 620.8 Q(:)380.21 570.976 Q(-)383.535 601 Q(.)
383.95 617.704 Q(:)383.81 569.104 Q(-)387.135 601 Q(.)387.55 614.464 Q
(:)387.41 567.592 Q(-)390.735 601 Q(.)391.15 611.08 Q(:)391.01 566.44 Q
(-)394.335 601 Q(.)394.75 607.552 Q(:)394.61 565.576 Q(-)397.935 601 Q
(.)398.35 604.024 Q(:)398.21 565.144 Q(Figure 16-1: Plotting with a)
214.79 657.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(loop)2.5 E(The syntax of the)
72 685.4 Q F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(statement is:)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)
108 703.4 S(r).25 E F2(variable)2.5 E F1(=)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2
E F1(to)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0([)2.52 E F1(by)A F0([)2.5 E F1
(*)A F0(])A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr3).2 E F0(]).15 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 2.5(Xb)2.5 G
(ody X)-2.5 E F0 .846(The semantics are as follo)72 721.4 R 3.347
(ws: Set)-.25 F F2(variable)3.347 E F0(to)3.347 E F2 -.2(ex)3.347 G(pr1)
.2 E F0 5.847(.W)C .847(hile the v)-5.847 F .847(alue of)-.25 F F2
(variable)3.347 E F0 .847(is less than or equal to)3.347 F 0 Cg EP
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72 84 S(pr2).2 E F0 3.407(,d)C(o)-3.407 E F1(body)3.407 E F0 .907
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G(pr3).2 E F0 3.406(;i)C(f)-3.406 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(by)3.406 E F0
.906(is not gi)3.406 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .906(n, increment).15 F F1
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(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex)2.698 G(pr3).2 E F0 .198(can be ne)2.698 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .498 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .198(or the addi-).15 F
(ti)72 108 Q 1.204 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ase;).15 E F1(variable)3.404 E F0
.904(is then tested whether it is greater than or equal to)3.404 F F1
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1.203 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ase,).15 E F1 -.2(ex)72 120 S(pr3).2 E F0 .106
(must be greater than zero.)2.606 F .106(If the constraints aren')5.106
F 2.606(tm)-.18 G .106(et, the loop isn')-2.606 F 2.607(te)-.18 G -.15
(xe)-2.757 G(cuted.).15 E F1(X)5.107 E F0 .107(can be an)2.607 F 2.607
(yc)-.15 G(harac-)-2.607 E(ter not occurring in)72 132 Q F1(body)2.5 E
F0 2.5(;o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he tw)-2.5 E(o)-.1 E F1(X)2.5 E F0 2.5(sm).94
G(ay be paired braces \(as in the)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(command\).)2.5 E
(The syntax of the)97 147.6 Q F2(if)2.5 E F0(statement is as follo)2.5 E
(ws:)-.25 E F2(if)108 165.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(then)2.5 E F1
2.5(Xi)2.5 G(f-true X)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(else)A F1 2.5(Yi)2.5 G
(f-false Y)-2.5 E F0(])1.27 E .38(Its semantics are as follo)72 183.6 R
.38(ws: Ev)-.25 F(aluate)-.25 E F1 -.2(ex)2.88 G(pr).2 E F0 2.88(;i)C
2.88(fi)-2.88 G 2.88(ti)-2.88 G 2.879(sn)-2.88 G .379(on-zero then do)
-2.879 F F1(if-true)2.879 E F0 2.879(,o)C .379(therwise do)-2.879 F F1
(if-false)2.879 E F0(.)A F1(X)5.379 E F0 .379(can be)2.879 F(an)72 195.6
Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not occurring in)-2.5 E F1(if-true)2.5 E F0(.)A
F1(Y)5 E F0(can be an)2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not occurring in)-2.5
E F1(if-false)2.5 E F0(.)A .409(Eithe or both of the)97 211.2 R F1(X)
2.909 E F0(or)2.909 E F1(Y)2.909 E F0 .41
(pairs may instead be balanced pairs of braces \({ and }\) as in the)
2.909 F F2(sh)2.91 E F0(com-)2.91 E 3.278(mand. In)72 223.2 R .778
(either case, the)3.278 F F1(if-true)3.278 E F0 .778
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(None of these delimiters are seen)5.777 F(inside strings.)72 235.2 Q
.463(All the usual relational operators my be used in conditional e)97
250.8 R(xpressions;)-.15 E F2(!)2.964 E F0 .464(\(logical ne)2.964 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G .464(tion, not f).05 F(ac-)-.1 E(torial\),)72 262.8 Q F2
(&&)2.5 E F0(,)A F2 1.666(||)2.5 G F0(,)-1.666 E F2(==)2.5 E F0(,)A F2
(!=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(>=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(<=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(<)2.5 E F0(,)A
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R F2(==)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F2(!=)3.07 E F0 5.57(.S)C .57
(tring comparisons may need to be parenthe-)-5.57 F(sized to a)72 290.4
Q -.2(vo)-.2 G(id syntactic ambiguities.).2 E F2 2.5(17. Interface)72
314.4 R 1.84 -.92(To [)2.5 H(gt]r).92 E(off)-.18 E F0 .275
(The output of)97 330 R F2(pic)2.775 E F0(is)2.775 E F2([gt]r)2.775 E
(off)-.18 E F0(dra)2.775 E .276(wing commands.)-.15 F .276(The GNU)5.276
F F1(gpic)2.776 E F0 .276(\(1\) command w).31 F .276
(arns that it relies on)-.1 F(dra)72 342 Q(wing e)-.15 E
(xtensions present in)-.15 E F1(gr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0
(\(1\) that are not present in)1.96 E F1(tr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0
(\(1\).)1.96 E F2 2.5(17.1. Scaling)72 366 R(Ar)2.5 E(guments)-.1 E F0
.612(The D)97 381.6 R(WB)-.3 E F1(pic)3.112 E F0 .612
(\(1\) program accepts one or tw).31 F 3.112(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)-3.112 G
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(hich is interpreted as a width and)-3.112 F .577
(height in inches to which the results of)72 393.6 R F1(pic)3.077 E F0
.577(\(1\) should be scaled \(width and height scale independently\).)
.31 F(If)5.578 E .861(there is only one ar)72 405.6 R .86(gument, it is\
 interpreted as a width to scale the picture to, and height is scaled b\
y the)-.18 F(same proportion.)72 417.6 Q(GNU)97 433.2 Q F2(gpic)2.616 E
F0 .117(is less general; it accepts a single width to scale to, or a ze\
ro width and a maximum height)2.616 F(to scale to.)72 445.2 Q -.4(Wi)5 G
(th tw).4 E 2.5(on)-.1 G(on-zero ar)-2.5 E
(guments, it scales to the maximum height.)-.18 E F2 2.5(17.2. Ho)72
469.2 R 2.5(wS)-.1 G(caling is Handled)-2.5 E F0(When)97 484.8 Q F2(pic)
3.132 E F0 .631(processes a picture description on input, it passes)
3.132 F F2(.PS)3.131 E F0(and)3.131 E F2(.PE)3.131 E F0 .631
(through to the postproces-)3.131 F(sor)72 496.8 Q 5.392(.T)-.55 G(he)
-5.392 E F2(.PS)2.892 E F0 .393(gets decorated with tw)2.892 F 2.893(on)
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(guments which are the X and Y dimensions of the picture)-.18 F
(in inches.)72 508.8 Q(The post-processor can use these to reserv)5 E
2.5(es)-.15 G(pace for the picture and center it.)-2.5 E
(The GNU incarnation of the)97 524.4 Q F2(ms)2.5 E F0
(macro package, for e)2.5 E(xample, includes the follo)-.15 E
(wing de\214nitions:)-.25 E/F3 9/Courier@0 SF(.de PS)108 541.4 Q(.br)108
552.4 Q(.sp \\\\n[DD]u)108 563.4 Q(.ie \\\\n[.$]<2 .@error bad argument\
s to PS \(not preprocessed with pic?\))108 574.4 Q(.el \\{\\)108 585.4 Q
19.6(.d)108 596.4 S(s@need \(u;\\\\$1\)+1v)-19.6 E 19.6(.i)108 607.4 S
5.4(n+)-19.6 G(\(u;\\\\n[.l]-\\\\n[.i]-\\\\$2/2>?0\))-5.4 E(.\\})108
618.4 Q(..)108 629.4 Q(.de PE)108 640.4 Q(.par@reset)108 651.4 Q
(.sp \\\\n[DD]u+.5m)108 662.4 Q(..)108 673.4 Q F0(Equi)72 695 Q -.25(va)
-.25 G 1.029(lent de\214nition is supplied by GNU).25 F F1(pic)3.529 E
F0 1.029(\(1\) if you use the \255mpic option; this should mak).31 F
3.528(ei)-.1 G 3.528(tu)-3.528 G(sable)-3.528 E
(with macro pages other than)72 707 Q F1(ms)2.5 E F0(\(1\).).27 E 0 Cg
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SF(.PF)4.786 E F0 2.286(is used instead of)4.786 F F1(.PE)4.786 E F0
4.786(,t)C(he)-4.786 E F1(tr)4.786 E(off)-.18 E F0 2.286
(position is restored to what it w)4.786 F 2.287
(as at the picture start)-.1 F(\(K)72 96 Q
(ernighan notes that the F stands for \231\215yback\232\).)-.25 E
(The in)97 111.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E F1(.PS <)108 129.6 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)1.91 E F0(causes the contents of)72 151.2 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0(to replace the)2.5 E F1(.PS)2.5 E F0 2.5(line. This)2.5
F(feature is deprecated; use `)2.5 E F1(copy)A F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 2.5
('i)C(nstead\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(17.3. PIC)72 175.2 R(and [gt]r)2.5 E
(off commands)-.18 E F0 .352(By def)97 190.8 R .352
(ault, input lines that be)-.1 F .351
(gin with a period are passed to the postprocessor)-.15 F 2.851(,e)-.4 G
.351(mbedded at the cor)-2.851 F(-)-.2 E .661
(responding point in the output.)72 202.8 R .662
(Messing with horizontal or v)5.662 F .662(ertical spacing is an ob)-.15
F .662(vious recipe for b)-.15 F(ugs,)-.2 E -.2(bu)72 214.8 S 2.5(tp).2
G(oint size and font changes are usually safe.)-2.5 E .765
(Point sizes and font changes are also safe within te)97 230.4 R .764
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(re undone before the)-3.264 F(end of string.)72 242.4 Q(The state of)97
258 Q F1([gt]r)2.5 E(off)-.18 E F0 1.1 -.55('s \214)D
(ll mode is preserv).55 E(ed across pictures.)-.15 E F1 2.5(17.4. PIC)72
282 R(and EQN)2.5 E F0 .542(The K)97 297.6 R .543(ernighan paper notes \
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F1(pic)3.043 E F0(pic-)3.043 E 1.043(tures; the)72 309.6 R 3.543(yc)-.15
G 1.043(ome out wrong if)-3.543 F F2(eqn)3.543 E F0 1.043
(\(1\) has to lea).24 F 1.343 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H 1.043(tra v).15 F 1.043
(ertical space for the equation.)-.15 F 1.042(If your equation)6.042 F
(in)72 321.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(lv).2 E .905
(es more than subscripts and superscripts, you must add to the be)-.15 F
.906(ginning of each equation the e)-.15 F(xtra)-.15 E(information)72
333.6 Q F1(space 0)2.5 E F0 5(.H)C 2.5(eg)-5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H
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/Courier@0 SF(arrow)108 351.6 Q
(box "$space 0 {H\( omega \)} over {1 - H\( omega \)}$")108 363.6 Q
(arrow)108 375.6 Q 261 429.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 261 429.6
MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 253.8 429.6 225 429.6 DL
315 447.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F2(H)277.365 424.8 Q F0(\()
.95 E/F4 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(w)-.35 E F0(\))1.26 E(1)-29.875 14 M/F5 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.2 E F2(H)2.78 E F0(\().95 E F4(w)-.35 E F0(\))1.26 E
306.66 429.2 269.34 429.2 DL 351 429.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg
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315 429.6 DL(Figure 17-1: Equations within pictures)210.78 470.6 Q F1
2.5(17.5. Absolute)72 506.6 R -.2(Po)2.5 G(sitioning of Pictur).2 E(es)
-.18 E F0(A)97 522.2 Q F1(pic)3.198 E F0 .698(picture is positioned v)
3.198 F .698(ertically by trof)-.15 F 3.198(fa)-.25 G 3.198(tt)-3.198 G
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(icture really start at the paper edge you ha)-2.817 F .617 -.15(ve t)
-.2 H 2.817(om).15 G(ak)-2.817 E 2.817(et)-.1 G .317
(he baseline-to-baseline distance)-2.817 F
(zero, this is, you must set the v)72 558.2 Q
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(efore starting the picture.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(18. Interface)72 582.2 R
(to T)2.5 E(eX)-.92 E F0(T)97 601.4 Q(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.966(Xm)-1.25
-2.24 O .466(ode is enabled by the)-2.966 F F1<ad74>2.966 E F0 2.966
(option. In)2.966 F(T)2.966 E(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.967(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O
.467(ode, pic de\214nes a vbox called)-2.967 F F1(\\graph)2.967 E F0
.467(for each pic-)2.967 F .182
(ture; the name can be changed with the pseudo-v)72 613.4 R(ariable)-.25
E F1(\214gname)2.681 E F0 .181
(\(which is actually a specially parsed com-)2.681 F 2.5(mand\). Y)72
625.4 R(ou must yourself print that vbox using, for e)-1.1 E
(xample, the command)-.15 E F3(\\centerline{\\box\\graph})97 641 Q F0
(Actually)72 656.6 Q 3.167(,s)-.65 G .667(ince the vbox has a height of\
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-3.167 F(ertical)-.15 E(space abo)72 668.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H
(he picture than belo).15 E 2.5(wi)-.25 G(t;)-2.5 E F3
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(uld a).1 E -.2(vo)-.2 G(id this.).2 E 5.226 -.8(To m)97 715.4 T(ak).8 E
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-.15(ve h)-.25 H 3.625(eight and a depth of zero \(as used e.g. by L).15
F/F6 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(A)-3.6 -2.64 M F0(T)-1.5 2.64 M(E)-1.667 2.24 M
(X')-1.25 -2.24 M(s)-.55 E F3(graphics.sty)72 727.4 Q F0
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(Figure 20-2: Hypothetical production \215o)151.05 583 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or dual-mode publishing)-2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-32-)279.67 48 Q 302.4 145.2 MT 0 -36 RL -72 0
RL 0 36 RL CL 1 0.843 0 Fr 302.4 145.2 MT 0 -36 RL -72 0 RL 0 36 RL CL
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7.2 -7.2 RL -72 0 RL -7.2 7.2 RL CL 1 1 0 Fr 302.4 109.2 MT 7.2 -7.2 RL
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CL 0 0 0 Cr ST 338.4 163.2 MT 0 -72 RL -36 0 RL 0 72 RL CL 1 0.843 0 Fr
338.4 163.2 MT 0 -72 RL -36 0 RL 0 72 RL CL 0 0 0 Cr ST(Sla)309.465
129.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 338.4 91.2 MT 7.2 -7.2 RL -36 0 RL -7.2 7.2 RL CL
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345.6 156 MT 0 -72 RL -7.2 7.2 RL 0 72 RL CL 0.855 0.647 0.125 Fr 345.6
156 MT 0 -72 RL -7.2 7.2 RL 0 72 RL CL 0 0 0 Cr ST 0 Cg
(Figure 20-3: Three-dimensional Box)210.445 186.2 Q(es)-.15 E
(Here the source code for \214gure 20-3:)97 213.8 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(.PS)108 231.8 Q 6(#at)108 243.8 S(hree-dimensional block)-6 E(#)108
255.8 Q 6(#t)108 267.8 S(block\(<width>, <height>, <text>\))-6 E
(define tblock { [)108 291.8 Q(box ht $2 wid $1 \\)120 303.8 Q
(color "gold" outlined "black" \\)144 315.8 Q(xslanted 0 yslanted 0 \\)
144 327.8 Q($3;)144 339.8 Q(box ht .1 wid $1 \\)120 351.8 Q
(color "yellow" outlined "black" \\)144 363.8 Q
(xslanted .1 yslanted 0 \\)144 375.8 Q(with .sw at last box .nw;)144
387.8 Q(box ht $2 wid .1 \\)120 399.8 Q
(color "goldenrod" outlined "black" \\)144 411.8 Q
(xslanted 0 yslanted .1 \\)144 423.8 Q(with .nw at 2nd last box .ne;)144
435.8 Q 6(]})108 447.8 S(tblock\(1, .5, "Master" "1"\);)108 471.8 Q
(move -.1)108 483.8 Q(tblock\(.5, 1, "Slave"\);)108 495.8 Q(.PE)108
507.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(21. PIC)72 537.8 R(Refer)2.5 E(ence)
-.18 E F0(This is an annotated grammar of)97 553.4 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0(.)A
F2 2.5(21.1. Lexical)72 577.4 R(Items)2.5 E F0 .317(In general,)97 593 R
F2(pic)2.817 E F0 .317(is a free-format, tok)2.817 F .317
(en-oriented language that ignores whitespace outside strings.)-.1 F
(But)5.316 E
(certain lines and contructs are specially interpreted at the le)72 605
Q(xical le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(l:).15 E 3.815(Ac)97 620.6 S 1.315
(omment be)-3.815 F 1.315(gins with)-.15 F F2(#)3.815 E F0 1.315
(and continues to)3.815 F F2(\\n)3.815 E F0 1.316
(\(comments may also follo)3.816 F 3.816(wt)-.25 G -.15(ex)-3.816 G
3.816(ti).15 G 3.816(nal)-3.816 G 3.816(ine\). A)-3.816 F(line)3.816 E
(be)72 632.6 Q .359
(ginning with a period or backslash may be interpreted as te)-.15 F .359
(xt to be passed through to the post-processor)-.15 F(,)-.4 E .822
(depending on command-line options.)72 644.6 R .822
(An end-of-line backslash is interpreted as a request to continue the)
5.822 F(line; the backslash and follo)72 656.6 Q(wing ne)-.25 E
(wline are ignored.)-.25 E(Here are the grammar terminals:)97 672.2 Q/F3
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(INT)97 687.8 Q F0 2.5(Ap)10.006 G(ositi)-2.5 E .3
-.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(ger)-.15 E(.)-.55 E F3(NUMBER)97 703.4 Q F0
3.371<418d>122 715.4 S .871(oating point numeric constant.)-3.371 F .871
(May contain a decimal point or be e)5.871 F .87
(xpressed in scienti\214c)-.15 F .217(notation in the style of)122 727.4
R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(printf)2.717 E F0(\(3\)')1.96 E 2.717(s%)-.55
G 2.718(ee)-2.717 G 2.718(scape. A)-2.718 F .218
(trailing `i' or `I' \(indicating the unit `inch'\) is)2.718 F 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-33-)279.67 48 Q(ignored.)122 84 Q/F1 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(TEXT)97 99.6 Q F0 2.754(As)122 111.6 S .254
(tring enclosed in double quotes.)-2.754 F 2.754(Ad)5.254 G .253
(ouble quote within)-2.754 F F1(TEXT)2.753 E F0 .253
(must be preceded by a back-)2.753 F 2.5(slash. Instead)122 123.6 R(of)
2.5 E F1(TEXT)2.5 E F0(you can use)2.5 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF
(sprintf \( TEXT [, <expr> ...] \))158 141.6 Q F0 -.15(ex)122 163.2 S
(cept after the `until' and `last' k).15 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G
(rds, and after all ordinal k).1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G
(rds \(`th' and friends\).).1 E F1 -1.215(VA)97 178.8 S(RIABLE)1.215 E
F0 2.525(As)122 190.8 S .025
(tring starting with a character from the set [a-z], optionally follo)
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(ters of the set [a-zA-Z0-9_].)122 202.8 Q(\(V)5 E(alues of v)-1.11 E
(ariables are preserv)-.25 E(ed across pictures.\))-.15 E F1(LABEL)97
218.4 Q F0 2.815(As)122 230.4 S .315
(tring starting with a character from the set [A-Z], optionally follo)
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(acters of the set [a-zA-Z0-9_].)122 242.4 Q F1(COMMAND-LINE)97 258 Q F0
2.5(Al)122 270 S(ine starting with a command character \(`.)-2.5 E 2.5
('i)-.7 G 2.5(ng)-2.5 G(rof)-2.5 E 2.5(fm)-.25 G(ode, `\\' in T)-2.5 E
(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.5(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O(ode\).)-2.5 E F1 -.315(BA)97 285.6
S(LANCED-TEXT).315 E F0 2.5(As)122 297.6 S
(tring either enclosed by `{' and `}' or with)-2.5 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(X)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(X)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(here)-2.5
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-.315(BA)97 313.2 S(LANCED-BOD).315 E(Y)-.495 E F0(Delimiters as in)122
325.2 Q F1 -.315(BA)2.5 G(LANCED-TEXT).315 E F0 2.5(;t)C
(he body is interpreted as `)-2.5 E/F4 10/Symbol SF<e1>A/F5 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(command)A F4<f1>A F5 1.666(...)C F0('.)-1.666 E F1
(FILEN)97 340.8 Q(AME)-.315 E F0(The name of a \214le.)122 352.8 Q
(This has the same semantics as)5 E F1(TEXT)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(MA)97 368.4
Q(CR)-.36 E(ON)-.36 E(AME)-.315 E F0(Either)122 380.4 Q F1 -1.215(VA)2.5
G(RIABLE)1.215 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(LABEL)2.5 E F0(.)A F5 2.5(21.2. Semi-F)
72 404.4 R(ormal Grammar)-.25 E F0 -.8(To)97 420 S -.1(ke).8 G
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(xcept:)-.15 E(1.)72 435.6 Q F5(\\n)17.5 E F0(is a ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25
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72 466.8 R(enclosure in square brack)2.5 E
(ets has its usual meaning of `this clause is optional'.)-.1 E 15
(4. Square-brack)72 482.4 R 3.709(et-enclosed portions within tok)-.1 F
3.709(ens are optional.)-.1 F 3.71(Thus, `h)8.709 F -1.667([eigh] t')
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(If one of these special tok)72 510 Q
(ens has to be referred to literally)-.1 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G
2.5(ss)-2.5 G(urrounded with single quotes.)-2.5 E(The top-le)97 525.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(l).15 E F5(pic)2.5 E F0(object is a picture.)2.5 E F2
(<picture> ::=)108 543.6 Q(.PS [NUMBER [NUMBER]]\\n)120 555.6 Q
(<statement> ...)120 567.6 Q(.PE \\n)120 579.6 Q F0 1.199(The ar)97
601.2 R 1.199(guments, if present, represent the width and height of th\
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1.281(scale it to the gi)72 613.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.781(nd).15 G 1.281
(imensions in inches.)-3.781 F 1.281(In no case, ho)6.281 F(we)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.081 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.281
(he X and Y dimensions of the picture).4 F -.15(ex)72 625.2 S .592
(ceed the v).15 F .592(alues of the style v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5
(maxpswid)3.092 E F0(and)3.092 E F5(maxpsheight)3.092 E F0 .592
(\(which def)3.092 F .591(ault to the normal 8.5)-.1 F 3.091(ib).833 G
(y)-3.091 E -1.667(11 i)72 637.2 R(page size\).)2.5 E .597
(If the ending `.PE' is replaced by `.PF', the page v)97 652.8 R .597
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F .065(`.PS' w)72 664.8 R .065(as encountered.)-.1 F .065
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(COMMAND-LINE)120 246 Q(command <print-arg> ...)120 258 Q
(print <print-arg> ...)120 270 Q(sh BALANCED-TEXT)120 282 Q
(copy FILENAME)120 294 Q(copy [FILENAME] thru MACRONAME [until TEXT])120
306 Q(copy [FILENAME] thru BALANCED-BODY [until TEXT])120 318 Q
(for VARIABLE = <expr> to <expr> [by [*] <expr>] do BALANCED-BODY)120
330 Q(if <any-expr> then BALANCED-BODY [else BALANCED-BODY])120 342 Q
(reset [VARIABLE [[,] VARIABLE ...]])120 354 Q(<print-arg> ::=)108 378 Q
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G(onstructions, ne)-2.5 E(wlines can only occur in)-.25 E/F2 9
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108 505.2 Q 6({.)108 517.2 S(.. })-6 E F0 -.1(fa)97 538.8 S 2.5(ils. Y)
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E F0(\(3\) to test for equality of strings; an empty string is consider\
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(losed object \212 circle)-2.5 E F1(ellipse)120 303.6 Q F0 2.5(#c)90 G
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F0 2.5(#f)36 G(ormatted te)-2.5 E(xt)-.15 E F1('[' <command> ... ']')120
399.6 Q F0(Dra)97 421.2 Q .631(wn objects within `[)-.15 F -3.332 1.666
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(whead size.)-.25 E .247(The `at' primiti)97 553.2 R .547 -.15(ve s)-.25
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592.8 R .477 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.677(sn).15 G .176
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(left | right | <top-of> | <bottom-of>)120 624 Q
(<north-of> | <south-of> | <east-of> | <west-of>)120 636 Q
(<center-of> | <start-of> | <end-of>)120 648 Q
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412.8 Q F1 6(A.)108 430.8 S(n)-6 E(.n of A)108 442.8 Q(.n A)108 454.8 Q
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(Here the special rules for the `with' k)97 552 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo)
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