| Current File : //usr/share/info/m4.info-2 |
This is m4.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from m4.texinfo.
This manual (25 September 2008) is for GNU M4 (version 1.4.12), a
package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language.
Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006,
2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Text creation and manipulation
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* M4: (m4). A powerful macro processor.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
File: m4.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
B.1 License for copying this manual
===================================
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
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Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
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If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
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Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
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9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
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10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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permit their use in free software.
File: m4.info, Node: Indices, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Appendix C Indices of concepts and macros
*****************************************
* Menu:
* Macro index:: Index for all `m4' macros
* Concept index:: Index for many concepts
File: m4.info, Node: Macro index, Next: Concept index, Up: Indices
C.1 Index for all `m4' macros
=============================
This index covers all `m4' builtins, as well as several useful
composite macros. References are exclusively to the places where a
macro is introduced the first time.
[index ]
* Menu:
* __file__: Location. (line 10)
* __gnu__: Platform macros. (line 12)
* __line__: Location. (line 11)
* __os2__: Platform macros. (line 13)
* __program__: Location. (line 12)
* __unix__: Platform macros. (line 15)
* __windows__: Platform macros. (line 17)
* argn: Shift. (line 258)
* array: Define. (line 56)
* array_set: Define. (line 57)
* builtin: Builtin. (line 9)
* capitalize: Patsubst. (line 55)
* changecom: Changecom. (line 10)
* changequote: Changequote. (line 10)
* changeword: Changeword. (line 23)
* cleardivert: Cleardivert. (line 26)
* cond: Shift. (line 53)
* debugfile: Debug Output. (line 11)
* debugmode: Debug Levels. (line 78)
* decr: Incr. (line 11)
* define: Define. (line 10)
* define_blind: Ifelse. (line 70)
* defn: Defn. (line 10)
* divert: Divert. (line 9)
* divnum: Divnum. (line 9)
* dnl: Dnl. (line 9)
* downcase: Patsubst. (line 54)
* dquote: Shift. (line 196)
* dquote_elt: Shift. (line 197)
* dumpdef: Dumpdef. (line 10)
* errprint: Errprint. (line 9)
* esyscmd: Esyscmd. (line 9)
* eval: Eval. (line 9)
* example: Manual. (line 40)
* exch: Arguments. (line 13)
* fatal_error: M4exit. (line 25)
* foreach: Foreach. (line 9)
* foreachq: Foreach. (line 10)
* forloop: Forloop. (line 9)
* format: Format. (line 9)
* ifdef: Ifdef. (line 10)
* ifelse: Ifelse. (line 14)
* include: Include. (line 9)
* incr: Incr. (line 10)
* index: Index macro. (line 9)
* indir: Indir. (line 9)
* join: Shift. (line 104)
* joinall: Shift. (line 105)
* len: Len. (line 9)
* m4exit: M4exit. (line 10)
* m4wrap: M4wrap. (line 14)
* maketemp: Mkstemp. (line 12)
* mkstemp: Mkstemp. (line 11)
* nargs: Pseudo Arguments. (line 13)
* os2: Platform macros. (line 14)
* patsubst: Patsubst. (line 9)
* popdef: Pushdef. (line 12)
* pushdef: Pushdef. (line 11)
* quote: Shift. (line 195)
* regexp: Regexp. (line 9)
* reverse: Shift. (line 32)
* shift: Shift. (line 17)
* sinclude: Include. (line 10)
* substr: Substr. (line 9)
* syscmd: Syscmd. (line 9)
* sysval: Sysval. (line 9)
* traceoff: Trace. (line 11)
* traceon: Trace. (line 10)
* translit: Translit. (line 9)
* undefine: Undefine. (line 9)
* undivert: Undivert. (line 9)
* unix: Platform macros. (line 16)
* upcase: Patsubst. (line 53)
* windows: Platform macros. (line 18)
File: m4.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: Macro index, Up: Indices
C.2 Index for many concepts
===========================
[index ]
* Menu:
* arguments to macros <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments to macros: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments to macros, special: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments, joining: Shift. (line 100)
* arguments, more than nine <1>: Arguments. (line 54)
* arguments, more than nine <2>: Shift. (line 252)
* arguments, more than nine: Improved foreach. (line 155)
* arguments, quoted macro: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments, reversing: Shift. (line 31)
* arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
* arrays: Define. (line 52)
* avoiding quadratic behavior: Improved foreach. (line 38)
* basic regular expressions <1>: Regexp. (line 6)
* basic regular expressions: Patsubst. (line 6)
* blind macro <1>: Ifelse. (line 52)
* blind macro: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 14)
* bug reports: Bugs. (line 6)
* builtins, indirect call of: Builtin. (line 6)
* builtins, special tokens: Defn. (line 101)
* call of builtins, indirect: Builtin. (line 6)
* call of macros, indirect: Indir. (line 6)
* case statement: Ifelse. (line 119)
* changing comment delimiters: Changecom. (line 6)
* changing quote delimiters: Changequote. (line 6)
* changing syntax: Changeword. (line 6)
* characters, translating: Translit. (line 6)
* command line: Invoking m4. (line 6)
* command line, file names on the: Command line files. (line 6)
* command line, macro definitions on the: Preprocessor features.
(line 6)
* command line, options: Invoking m4. (line 10)
* commands, exit status from shell: Sysval. (line 6)
* commands, running shell: Shell commands. (line 6)
* comment delimiters, changing: Changecom. (line 6)
* comments: Comments. (line 6)
* comments, copied to output: Changecom. (line 29)
* comparing strings: Ifelse. (line 6)
* compatibility: Compatibility. (line 6)
* concatenating arguments: Shift. (line 100)
* conditional, short-circuiting: Shift. (line 51)
* conditionals: Ifdef. (line 6)
* controlling debugging output: Debug Levels. (line 6)
* counting loops: Forloop. (line 6)
* debugging macros: Debugging. (line 6)
* debugging output, controlling: Debug Levels. (line 6)
* debugging output, saving: Debug Output. (line 6)
* decrement operator: Incr. (line 6)
* deferring expansion: M4wrap. (line 6)
* deferring output: Diversions. (line 6)
* defining new macros: Definitions. (line 6)
* definition stack: Pushdef. (line 6)
* definitions, displaying macro <1>: Defn. (line 6)
* definitions, displaying macro: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* deleting macros: Undefine. (line 6)
* deleting whitespace in input: Dnl. (line 6)
* delimiters, changing <1>: Changecom. (line 6)
* delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
* discarding diverted text: Cleardivert. (line 6)
* discarding input <1>: Divert. (line 42)
* discarding input <2>: Dnl. (line 6)
* discarding input: Ifelse. (line 6)
* displaying macro definitions: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* diversion numbers: Divnum. (line 6)
* diverted text, discarding: Cleardivert. (line 6)
* diverting output to files: Divert. (line 6)
* dumping into frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* error messages, printing: Errprint. (line 6)
* errors, fatal: Operation modes. (line 20)
* evaluation, of integer expressions: Eval. (line 6)
* examples, understanding: Manual. (line 6)
* executing shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
* exit status from shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
* exiting from m4: M4exit. (line 6)
* expansion of macros: Macro expansion. (line 6)
* expansion, deferring: M4wrap. (line 6)
* expansion, tracing macro: Trace. (line 6)
* expressions, evaluation of integer: Eval. (line 6)
* expressions, regular <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
* expressions, regular: Regexp. (line 6)
* extracting substrings: Substr. (line 6)
* fast loading of frozen files: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* fatal errors: Operation modes. (line 20)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* file format, frozen file: Frozen file format. (line 6)
* file inclusion <1>: File Inclusion. (line 6)
* file inclusion: Undivert. (line 13)
* file names, on the command line: Command line files. (line 6)
* files, diverting output to: Divert. (line 6)
* files, names of temporary: Mkstemp. (line 6)
* for each loops: Foreach. (line 6)
* for loops: Forloop. (line 6)
* formatted output: Format. (line 6)
* Free Documentation License (FDL), GNU: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* frozen file format: Frozen file format. (line 6)
* frozen files for fast loading: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* General Public License (GPL), GNU: GNU General Public License.
(line 6)
* GNU extensions <1>: Arguments. (line 54)
* GNU extensions <2>: Undivert. (line 13)
* GNU extensions <3>: Esyscmd. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <4>: Search Path. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <5>: Divert. (line 54)
* GNU extensions <6>: Undivert. (line 81)
* GNU extensions <7>: Define. (line 41)
* GNU extensions <8>: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 14)
* GNU extensions <9>: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <10>: Regexp. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <11>: Debug Output. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <12>: Debug Levels. (line 74)
* GNU extensions <13>: Patsubst. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <14>: Format. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <15>: Indir. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <16>: Eval. (line 125)
* GNU extensions <17>: Mkstemp. (line 59)
* GNU extensions <18>: Builtin. (line 6)
* GNU extensions: Extensions. (line 6)
* GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
(line 6)
* GNU M4, history of: History. (line 6)
* GPL, GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
(line 6)
* history of m4: History. (line 6)
* included files, search path for: Search Path. (line 6)
* inclusion, of files <1>: File Inclusion. (line 6)
* inclusion, of files: Undivert. (line 81)
* increment operator: Incr. (line 6)
* indirect call of builtins: Builtin. (line 6)
* indirect call of macros: Indir. (line 6)
* initialization, frozen state: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* input location <1>: Location. (line 6)
* input location: Preprocessor features.
(line 28)
* input tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
* input, discarding <1>: Divert. (line 42)
* input, discarding <2>: Dnl. (line 6)
* input, discarding: Ifelse. (line 6)
* input, saving: M4wrap. (line 6)
* integer arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
* integer expression evaluation: Eval. (line 6)
* invoking m4: Invoking m4. (line 6)
* invoking macros: Invocation. (line 6)
* iterating over lists: Foreach. (line 6)
* joining arguments: Shift. (line 100)
* length of strings: Len. (line 6)
* lexical structure of words: Changeword. (line 6)
* License, code: Copying This Package.
(line 6)
* License, manual: Copying This Manual. (line 6)
* limit, nesting: Limits control. (line 43)
* literal output: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
* local variables: Pushdef. (line 79)
* location, input <1>: Location. (line 6)
* location, input: Preprocessor features.
(line 28)
* loops: Shift. (line 10)
* loops, counting: Forloop. (line 6)
* loops, list iteration: Foreach. (line 6)
* M4PATH: Search Path. (line 9)
* macro definitions, on the command line: Preprocessor features.
(line 6)
* macro expansion, tracing: Trace. (line 6)
* macro invocation: Invocation. (line 6)
* macro, blind <1>: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 14)
* macro, blind: Ifelse. (line 52)
* macros, arguments to <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, arguments to: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, debugging: Debugging. (line 6)
* macros, displaying definitions <1>: Defn. (line 6)
* macros, displaying definitions: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* macros, expansion of: Macro expansion. (line 6)
* macros, how to define new: Definitions. (line 6)
* macros, how to delete: Undefine. (line 6)
* macros, how to rename: Defn. (line 6)
* macros, indirect call of: Indir. (line 6)
* macros, quoted arguments to: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, recursive: Shift. (line 6)
* macros, special arguments to: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, temporary redefinition of: Pushdef. (line 6)
* manipulating quotes: Shift. (line 191)
* messages, printing error: Errprint. (line 6)
* more than nine arguments <1>: Improved foreach. (line 155)
* more than nine arguments <2>: Arguments. (line 54)
* more than nine arguments: Shift. (line 252)
* multibranches: Ifelse. (line 119)
* names: Names. (line 6)
* nesting limit: Limits control. (line 43)
* nine arguments, more than <1>: Improved foreach. (line 155)
* nine arguments, more than <2>: Shift. (line 252)
* nine arguments, more than: Arguments. (line 54)
* numbers: Manual. (line 57)
* options, command line: Invoking m4. (line 10)
* output, diverting to files: Divert. (line 6)
* output, formatted: Format. (line 6)
* output, literal: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
* output, saving debugging: Debug Output. (line 6)
* overview of m4: Intro. (line 6)
* pattern substitution: Patsubst. (line 6)
* platform macros: Platform macros. (line 6)
* positional parameters, more than nine: Arguments. (line 54)
* POSIX: Extensions. (line 6)
* POSIXLY_CORRECT <1>: Incompatibilities. (line 146)
* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Invoking m4. (line 10)
* preprocessor features: Preprocessor features.
(line 6)
* printing error messages: Errprint. (line 6)
* quadratic behavior, avoiding: Improved foreach. (line 38)
* quote delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
* quote manipulation: Shift. (line 191)
* quoted macro arguments: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
* quoted string: Quoted strings. (line 6)
* quoting rule of thumb: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
* recursive macros: Shift. (line 6)
* redefinition of macros, temporary: Pushdef. (line 6)
* regular expressions <1>: Changeword. (line 6)
* regular expressions <2>: Regexp. (line 6)
* regular expressions: Patsubst. (line 6)
* reloading a frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* renaming macros: Defn. (line 6)
* reporting bugs: Bugs. (line 6)
* rescanning <1>: Other Incompatibilities.
(line 52)
* rescanning <2>: Limits control. (line 56)
* rescanning <3>: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
* rescanning <4>: Defn. (line 61)
* rescanning: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 87)
* reversing arguments: Shift. (line 31)
* rule of thumb, quoting: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
* running shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
* saving debugging output: Debug Output. (line 6)
* saving input: M4wrap. (line 6)
* search path for included files: Search Path. (line 6)
* shell commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
* shell commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
* short-circuiting conditional: Shift. (line 51)
* special arguments to macros: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
* stack, macro definition: Pushdef. (line 6)
* standard error, output to <1>: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* standard error, output to <2>: Errprint. (line 6)
* standard error, output to: Trace. (line 6)
* status of shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
* status, setting m4 exit: M4exit. (line 6)
* string, quoted: Quoted strings. (line 6)
* strings, length of: Len. (line 6)
* substitution by regular expression: Patsubst. (line 6)
* substrings, extracting: Substr. (line 6)
* substrings, locating: Index macro. (line 6)
* suggestions, reporting: Bugs. (line 6)
* suppressing warnings: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
* switch statement: Ifelse. (line 119)
* synchronization lines: Preprocessor features.
(line 28)
* syntax, changing: Changeword. (line 6)
* temporary file names: Mkstemp. (line 6)
* temporary redefinition of macros: Pushdef. (line 6)
* TMPDIR: Diversions. (line 10)
* tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
* tokens, builtin macro: Defn. (line 101)
* tokens, special: Other tokens. (line 6)
* tracing macro expansion: Trace. (line 6)
* translating characters: Translit. (line 6)
* undefining macros: Undefine. (line 6)
* UNIX commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
* UNIX commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
* variables, local: Pushdef. (line 79)
* warnings, suppressing: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
* words: Names. (line 6)
* words, lexical structure of: Changeword. (line 6)